Classification / Names Populärnamn | synonymer | Catalog of Fishes(Släkte, Arter) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Elasmobranchii (hajar och rockor) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Bleeker.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ekologi

marina revassocierade; djupintervall 28 - 37 m (Ref. 9918). Tropical

Utbredning Länder | FAO områden | Ekosystem | Förekomster | Point map | Utplanteringar | Faunafri

Eastern Indian Ocean and Western Central Pacific: India to Indonesia, including Singapore and Thailand.

Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age

Maturity: L_m 47.6, range 47 - ? cm
Max length : 106 cm WD hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 58048); common length : 20.0 cm WD hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 27550)

Demersal inshore, in shallow depths to at least 37 m (Ref.58048). Also found offshore (Ref. 9918). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Smallest individual was 27 cm WD. Caught often by demersal trawl, trammel and gillnet fisheries, and occasionally using tangle nets. Utilized for its meat, but of limited value due to its typically small size (Ref.58048).

Life cycle and mating behavior Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).

Main reference Upload your references | referenser | Koordinator : McEachran, John | Medarbetare

Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Endangered (EN) (A2d); Date assessed: 11 September 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Venomous (Ref. 27550)

Human uses

Fiskeri: kommersiell

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

Ytterligare information

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 27.2 - 28.8, mean 28.2 °C (based on 91 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00352 - 0.01710), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trofisk nivå (Ref. 69278): 3.8 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

Resiliens (Ref. 120179): Mycket låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mer än 14 år (Fec assumed to be <10).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Medium.

Gymnura zonura (Bleeker, 1852)