Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
marina bottenlevande. Temperate
Southwest Pacific: occurs only around New Zealand.
Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 90.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 9988); common length : 35.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 9258); publicerad maxvikt: 1.5 kg (Ref. 9988); rapporterad maxålder: 16 år (Ref. 47622)
Inhabits shallow waters, generally at depth of less than 50 m. Juveniles gather in sheltered inshore waters, such as estuarine areas, shallow mudflats and sandflats, where they remain for up to two years (Ref. 9072). Utilized fresh or frozen for broiling, frying and baking (Ref. 9988).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver
Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan, 1989. New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. 279 p. (Ref. 5755)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell; sportfisk: ja
Ytterligare information
PopulärnamnsynonymerMetabolikPredatorerEkotoxikologiReproduktionKönsmognadLekSpawning aggregationFecundityÄggEgg development
Age/SizeTillväxtLength-weightLength-lengthLength-frequenciesMorfometriMorfologiLarverLarvdynamikRekryteringAbundansBRUVS
referenserVattenbrukVattenbruksprofilAvelslinjerGenetikElectrophoresesÄrftlighetSjukdomarBehandlingNutrientsMass conversion
Verktyg
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.5 - 19.4, mean 17.5 °C (based on 32 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01820 (0.00786 - 0.04213), b=2.97 (2.76 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 3.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).