分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Lethrinidae (Emperors or scavengers) > Lethrininae
Etymology: Lethrinus: Greek, lethrinia, a fish pertaining to genus Pagellus.
More on author: Forster.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 非迁移的; 深度上下限 5 - 30 m (Ref. 2295). 熱帶; 27°N - 34°S, 113°E - 168°E
Western Pacific: The Ryukyu Islands, eastern Philippines, northern Australia, and New
Caledonia (Ref. 114226). Occurrence records outside distributional range probably refer to Lethrinus olivaceus (Ref. 2295).
西太平洋: 澳洲北部 (包括西澳大利亞) ，新加勒多尼亞, 與琉球群島。 在分佈的範圍外邊的發生記錄可能指的是 尖吻裸頰鯛〔Lethrinus olivaceus〕 。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 36.1 range ? - 42.2 cm
Max length : 90.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2295); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9987); 最大体重: 9.6 kg (Ref. 9987); 最大年龄: 22 年 (Ref. 2290)
背棘 (总数): 10; 背的软条 (总数): 9; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body moderately deep, its depth 2.4-2.8 times in standard length; head length 0.9-1 times in body depth, 2.5-2.9 times in SL, dorsal profile near eye slightly convex; snout moderately long, its length about 1.7-2.4 times in HL, measured without the lip the snout is 0.9-1 times in cheek height, its dorsal profile slightly concave, snout angle relative to upper jaw between 50° and 65°; interorbital space convex to flat; posterior nostril an oblong longitudinal opening, closer to orbit than anterior nostril; eye situated close to dorsal profile, its length 3.4-5.4 times in HL; cheek moderately high, its height 2.0-2.9 times in HL; lateral teeth in jaws conical; outer surface of maxilla smooth or with a longitudinal ridge; D X,9 with the 3rd dorsal-fin spine usually longest, its length 2.3-2.9 times in body depth; A III,8 with the 1st or 2nd soft ray usually the longest, its length almost equal to or slightly longer than length of base of soft-rayed portion of anal fin and 1.3-1.4 times in length of entire anal-fin base; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin membranes between rays closest to body usually with dense melanophores; no scales on cheek; 46-48 lateral-line scales; 4½ scale rows between lateral line and base of middle dorsal-fin spines; 15 to 17 scale rows in transverse series between origin of anal fin and lateral line; usually 15 rows in lower series of scales around caudal peduncle; 2-7 scales in supratemporal patch; inner surface of pectoral fins partially or densely covered with scales; posterior angle of operculum fully scaly. Colour of body silvery, tan, or yellowish, base of scales often black, often a series of 8-9 dark bars (may be absent in some individuals); base of pectoral fins red; sometimes a red streak originating on upper operculum, passing beneath eye and onto snout; 2 red spots often on upper rim of eye; lips reddish; fins pale or reddish, sometimes brilliant red on membranes near base of pelvic fins, and between spinous rays of dorsal and anal fin (Ref 68703).
吻中等长度的。 颊没有鳞片。 身体银色的，黄褐色的或淡黄色的颜色, 时常有一系列的 8 或 9条深色的横带。 纵带可能是一些个体没有。 胸鳍基底红色。 偶然地一个红色的条纹存在, 在上面的鳃盖上开始, 在眼之下经过与对吻部之上。 淡红的唇。 鳍灰白或淡红的, 有时在腹鳍的基底附近的在薄膜上的色彩艳丽的红色与在刺状鳍条之间背部的与臀鳍。 鳞片的基底时常黑色的。
Adults inhabit coral reefs during daytime where they feed occasionally in sand and rubble areas between coral heads. At night, they move out over the sandy sea floor and forage actively. Usually occur in small schools. Juveniles live in shallow, inshore waters such as seagrass and mangrove areas, moving into deeper water as they age (Ref. 27260, 28202). Feed mainly on crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks and fish, with crabs and sea urchins predominating. Much of the information reported for this species was based on misidentifications and referred to L. olivaceous (see Ref. 2295). Marketed fresh or frozen (Ref. 9987). Caught primarily by handline. One of the favourite food and sport fishes around the Great Barrier Reef. A major food fish in New Caledonia. Occasionally implicated in cases of fish poisoning (ciguatoxin) (Ref. 68703).
栖息于珊瑚礁在白天期间在哪里它们吃偶见于在珊瑚顶部之间的沙子与碎石区。 在晚上，他们移出到沙的海洋底部上而且觅食活跃地。 通常形成小群鱼群。 主要捕食甲壳动物，棘皮动物, 软件动物与鱼,与螃蟹与海胆成为主流。 许多信息这个种的报告是以误鉴为依据而且指的是 L. 橄榄色的 .(见参考文献 2295) 生鲜或冷冻地在市场上销售。 (参考文献 9987)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
L. miniatus are serial hermaphrodites with a protogynous strategy (i.e, female first, male second). Sexual bimodality was present in both age and length frequency distributions (Brown et al 1994).
Juveniles live in shallow, inshore waters such as seagrass and mangrove areas, moving into deeper water as they age (Ref. 27260, 28202). Also Ref. 103751.西太平洋: 澳洲北部 (包括西澳大利亞) ，新加勒多尼亞, 與琉球群島。 在分佈的範圍外邊的發生記錄可能指的是 尖吻裸頰鯛〔Lethrinus olivaceus〕 。
Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen, 1989. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 29.3, mean 28.4 °C (based on 1510 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01413 (0.00939 - 0.02125), b=3.00 (2.88 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.2 (2.9 - 6.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.1-0.4; tm=2-3; tmax=22).
Prior r = 0.77, 95% CL = 0.51 - 1.15, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (89 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 30 [20, 49] mg/100g; Iron = 0.776 [0.487, 1.266] mg/100g; Protein = 20.6 [18.0, 22.9] %; Omega3 = 0.124 [0.082, 0.187] g/100g; Selenium = 38.3 [20.7, 69.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 35.8 [7.8, 196.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.81 [1.24, 2.48] mg/100g (wet weight);
