分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 底中水层性; 海洋洄游的; 深度上下限 2 - 800 m (Ref. 35509), usually 10 - 150 m (Ref. 35388). 亞熱帶的; 60°N - 48°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 114953)
Circumglobal. Eastern Atlantic: Scotland (rare in North Sea) to Morocco, whole of Mediterranean, but not Black Sea; Cap Blanc in Mauritania to Gulf of Guinea, São Tomé Island; Walvis Bay, Namibia to Mossel Bay, South Africa (Ref. 5578). Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada south to Brazil (Ref. 26340). Eastern Indian Ocean: Australia (Ref. 114953). Southwest Pacific: New Zealand (Ref. 114953).
東大西洋: 蘇格蘭 (稀有的在北海) 到摩洛哥，地中海的全部, 但是不是黑色的海洋; 在茅利塔尼亞到幾內亞灣的白鼻角, 聖多美島; 那米比亞的 Walvis 灣到南非的 Mossel 海灣.(參考文獻 5578) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省南至巴西。 (參考文獻 26340)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 180 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2803); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3261); 最大体重: 90.0 kg (Ref. 7251)
简单描述
型态特徵 | 形态测量图
Large ray with a huge, paddle-shaped caudal fin and with no papillae around spiracles. Shiny black or dark grey above, underside white (Ref. 5578). Broad subcircular disc, short snout anterior to the eyes. Smooth skin, short thick tail (Ref. 6902). Dark chocolate to purplish brown above, without spots, white below, but with edges of disc and pelvic fins of same hue as upper surface, tail with irregular dark margins (Ref. 6902).
大型 鱼具有一个极大又桨状的尾鳍而且呼吸孔的周围没有乳突。 背面亮黑色或暗灰色的, 腹面白色的.(参考文献 5578) 宽的子圆形的体盘 , 短吻位于眼前。 平滑的皮肤, 短的厚尾部.(参考文献 6902) 深褐色对紫褐色的上方, 没有斑点, 腹面白色的, 但是有体盘与腹鳍的边缘颜色与上表皮相同, 尾部有不规则的黑边.(参考文献 6902)
Juveniles benthic over soft bottoms or near coral reefs (Ref. 12951) from 10-150 m; adults are semi-pelagic to pelagic, swimming in the water column and have been reported to migrate over long distances (Ref. 2803). Found on insular slopes to at least 925 m depth (Ref. 114953). Feeds mainly on pelagic and benthic bony fishes and small sharks (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Produces litters of up to 60 pups. In South Pacific region, males reaches maturity at ca. 60 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Packs a powerful electric shock of up to 220 volts (Ref. 9710).
稚鱼底栖于软质底部之上或在来自 10- 的珊瑚礁 (参考文献 12951)150 公尺的附近; 成鱼对大洋性是半大洋性, 在水团中游泳而且曾经报告长距离上移动.(参考文献 2803) 主要吃大洋性与底栖的硬骨鱼类与小的鲨鱼。 (参考文献 5578) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 包装一个向上到的有力电击 220 伏特。 (参考文献 9710)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). With up to 60 in a litter. Gestation period one year (Ref. 12951). Size at birth about 23 cm (Ref. 12951).東大西洋: 蘇格蘭 (稀有的在北海) 到摩洛哥，地中海的全部, 但是不是黑色的海洋; 在茅利塔尼亞到幾內亞灣的白鼻角, 聖多美島; 那米比亞的 Walvis 灣到南非的 Mossel 海灣.(參考文獻 5578) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省南至巴西。 (參考文獻 26340)
Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel, 1984. Torpedinidae. p. 159-162. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2803)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.3 - 27.5, mean 13.9 °C (based on 3020 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.01026 - 0.01858), b=2.99 (2.91 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (Fec=60;).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 4.55 [0.56, 83.64] mg/100g; Iron = 0.469 [0.043, 5.703] mg/100g; Protein = 16.5 [12.3, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.287 [0.104, 0.796] g/100g; Selenium = 43.8 [7.7, 218.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.9 [0.8, 145.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.386 [0.021, 4.499] mg/100g (wet weight);
