分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays)
土魟科 (Stingrays) > Dasyatinae
Etymology: More on author: Mitchill.
Issue
Eastern Atlantic populations of Bathytoshia centroura refer to Bathytoshia lata according to Last et al, 2016 (Ref. 114953). Species distribution will be corrected as soon as possible;
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 3 - 270 m (Ref. 57911), usually 15 - 50 m (Ref. 4438). 亞熱帶的; 45°N - 35°S, 90°W - 36°E
Western Atlantic: antitropical; from western and southern USA, including the Gulf of Mexico, and Brazil to Argentina (Ref. 114953). Eastern Atlantic populations refer to Bathytoshia lata (Ref. 109651, 114953).
東大西洋: 比斯開灣南部到安哥拉，包括地中海，馬得拉群島與加納利群島。 西大西洋: 新英格蘭喬治亞淺灘到墨西哥灣東部; 巴西南部到阿根廷.(參考文獻 58839)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 116.5, range 66 - 160 cm
Max length : 300 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27549); common length : 125 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 26999); 最大體重: 300.0 kg (Ref. 57911)
Diagnosis: Large specimens of Dasyatis centroura are recognizable by their thorny tails, by the large size and wide spacing spacing of their mid-dorsal bucklers, and by the conspicuous tubercles or bucklers on the outer parts of their discs; in smaller specimens the large tubercles have not yet developed on the tail (Ref. 6902). It differs from Dasyatis sabina, D. guttata and Himantura schmardae in the shape of disc; it resembles Dasyatis say and D. americana in shape of disc, but it can be distinguished from D. say by the fact that the tail lacks any trace of a cutaneous fold above, and from D. americana by its much narrower ventral tailfold (Ref. 6902).
體盤接近四邊形的有強彎曲的前邊緣，鈍的吻.(參考文獻 39859) 巨大的體型與背部中央圓盾的空隙, 在體盤的外部部份上的顯著的小瘤.(參考文獻 6902) 尾部有很多的列小的棘。 腹面鰭褶長的, 但是相當低不被容易地見到, 背部的鰭褶不存在.(參考文獻 7251) 背面黃褐色的, 腹面白色或幾乎白的。 下表面白色的而且沒有深色的邊緣.(參考文獻 6902)
Dasyatis centroura is a coastal species (Ref. 81259), found over sandy and muddy bottoms (Ref. 3169). It feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes (Ref. 3169). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 6901). Wings marketed fresh, smoked, dried-salted; used for fishmeal and oil. Harmful to shellfish banks; dangerous to bathers and fishers due to its poisonous spine. May attain well over 100 cm TL. Warm season visitor to coastal waters (Ref. 6902).
發現在沙泥底上.。 吃底棲無脊椎動物與魚類。 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 6901) 翼在市場上銷售生鮮、煙燻, 乾燥鹽醃; 製成魚漿與油。 對貝淺堆有害; 對游泳者有危險，而且漁夫由於它的有毒棘。 可能達到遠超過 100 公分TL 。 溫暖的季節造訪沿岸水域。 (參考文獻 6902)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Gestation about 4 months with 2 to 4 young produced in autumn and early winter (Ref. 6901). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).東大西洋: 比斯開灣南部到安哥拉，包括地中海，馬得拉群島與加納利群島。 西大西洋: 新英格蘭喬治亞淺灘到墨西哥灣東部; 巴西南部到阿根廷.(參考文獻 58839)
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.6 - 27.7, mean 23.1 °C (based on 772 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00265 - 0.01571), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=2-6).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12 [2, 54] mg/100g; Iron = 0.627 [0.158, 1.732] mg/100g; Protein = 23 [20, 26] %; Omega3 = 0.272 [0.080, 0.798] g/100g; Selenium = 34.5 [9.9, 96.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 3.84 [1.53, 9.51] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.47 [0.24, 0.84] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
