Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Écologie
marin récifal; profondeur 2 - 100 m (Ref. 13628), usually ? - 70 m (Ref. 55314). Subtropical; 35°N - 8°N, 99°W - 60°W (Ref. 55314)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Yucatan, Mexico; northern coast of South America (Ref. 5217). Absent in the West Indies.
Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 44.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 7251); common length : 35.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 5217)
Description synthétique
Morphologie | Morphométrie
Épines dorsales (Total): 8; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total): 13-14; Épines anales 0; Rayons mous anaux: 13
Inhabits silty, sandy, or rubble bottoms (Ref. 9710). Feeds on fishes (Ref. 13628). Possesses electric organs located in a specialized pouch behind the eyes. Can discharge up to 50 volts (Ref. 10576).The electric organ discharge (EOD) rate depends on the temperature: about 500 Hz at 35°C and 50 Hz at 15°C (corresponding to the annual temperature range of the habitat of this species) (Ref. 10011). Cleithral spine with venom gland (Ref. 57406).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Utilisations par l'homme
Plus d'informations
Noms communsSynonymesMétabolismePrédateursÉcotoxicologieReproductionMaturitéFraiRassemblement de ponteFéconditéŒufsDéveloppement de l'œuf
Taille/ÂgeCroissanceLongueur-poidsLongueur-longueurFréquences de longueursMorphométrieMorphologieLarvesDynamique des populations larvairesRecrutementAbondanceBRUVS
RéférencesAquacultureProfil d'aquacultureSouchesGénétiqueElectrophoresesHéritabilitéPathologiesTraitementNutrientsMass conversion
CollaborateursImagesStamps, Coins Misc.SonsCiguateraVitesseType de nageSurface branchialeOtolithesCerveauxVision
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Sources Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.8 - 27.8, mean 25.4 °C (based on 428 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00631 (0.00266 - 0.01494), b=3.11 (2.90 - 3.32), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Résilience (Ref.
120179): Milieu, temps minimum de doublement de population : 1,4 à 4,4 années (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 29.8 [13.9, 50.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.545 [0.308, 0.918] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [18.3, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.148 [0.084, 0.260] g/100g; Selenium = 17.9 [8.5, 37.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 82.4 [30.0, 236.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.644 [0.409, 0.959] mg/100g (wet weight);
