Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; amphidromous (Ref. 40808); depth range 0 - 75 m (Ref. 57178), usually 50 - 60 m (Ref. 51483). Subtropical; 5°C - 22°C (Ref. 13614); 43°N - 9°N, 79°W - 74°W (Ref. 57273)
Western Central Atlantic: Massachusetts to Florida, throughout the Gulf of Mexico, to Panama.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251); common length : 11.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 12193); max. reported age: 7 years (Ref. 51483)
Adults inhabit coastal waters. They also enter fresh waters, going hundreds of miles upstream. Migrate downstream to spawn in spring (Ref. 36739). Larvae move upstream after hatching (Ref. 36739). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 57178.
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: of no interest
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