FB-139 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=139 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Squalidae Squalus Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 Håkjerring Rekin polarny Pailona Tubarao da Gronelândia Tubarao de Gronelândia Tubarão-da-noite Groenlandse haai Morgi´r Ynys Las Almindelig havkal Grønlandshaj Havkal Eishai Grönlandhai Greenland shark Ground shark Oakettle Atlandi polaarhai Hákelling Holkeri Laimargue Laimargue atlantique Laimargue du Groenland Requin dormeur Requin du Groenland Hákarl Ekaludjuag Ekalugssuak Ekalugssûp piarâ Ekalukjuak Eqaludjuaq Eqalugssuaq Eqalukjuag Eqaluksuaq Eqalukuak Eqalusuaq Iqalugjuaq Iqalujjuaq Iqalukuak Squalo di Groenlandia lemargo Atlanticheskaya polyarnaya akula Poljarnaja akula Акула полярная атлантическая полярная акула Håkäring Groenlandse haai Tiburón boreal Tollo boreal Tollo de Groenlandia Eqalussuaq Grenlandski morski pes Groenlandse haai Ijshaai Niialingaq Rechin de Groelanda Skalugsuak 小头睡鲨(大西洋睡鲨) 小頭睡鯊(大西洋睡鯊) Laemargus microcephalus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Leiodon echinatum Wood, 1846 Scymnus glacialis Faber, 1829 Scymnus gunneri Thienemann, 1828 Scymnus micropterus Valenciennes, 1832 Somniosus antarcticus (non Whitley, 1939) Somniosus brevipinna Lesueur, 1818 Squalus borealis Scoresby, 1820 Squalus carcharias (non Linnaeus, 1758) Squalus microcephalus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Squalus norvegianus Blainville, 1825 Squalus squatina (non Linnaeus, 1758) 1992-06-15 2021-04-08 Coppola, S.R., W. 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Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Fisk, A.T., C. Lydersen and K.M. Kovacs0 Archival pop-off tag tracking of Greenland sharks <i>Somniosus microcephalus</i> in the High Arctic waters of Svalbard, Norway. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 468:255-265. (Ref. 129937) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) Simian, G., D. Abraham, N. Bailly, P. Béarez, F. Urtizberea, A. Perrot, H. Goraguer, R. Langlois, P. Daszkiewicz, F. Teletchea, S. Tercerie and G. Denys0 Checklist of fishes from the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. Cybium 46(4):371-384. (Ref. 132183) Sólmundsson, J., K.B. Jakobsdóttir and H. Pétursdóttir0 Deepwater sharks at their northern limits-distribution, diet and trophic relations. Mar. Ecol. 46(1):e12854. (Ref. 133040) Kulka, D.W., C.F. Cotton, B. Anderson, D. Derrick, K. Herman and N.K. Dulvy0 <i>Somniosus microcephalus</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T60213A124452872. Accessed on 22 May 2025. (Ref. 137501) FB-pic-138-3748 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-05-16 2019-04-07 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Somic_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Somic_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration Found on continental and insular shelves and upper slopes down to at least 1,200 m (Ref. 247) and to as deep as 2,200 m (Ref. 55584). Epibenthic-pelagic (Ref. 58426). In the Arctic and boreal Atlantic, it occurs inshore in the intertidal and at the surface in shallow bays and river mouths during colder months, retreating to depths of 180-550 m when the temperature rises (Ref. 247). Reported to be found in temperatures from -1.8° to 17.2°C but commonly below 5°C at with salinity range of 29.4-35.5. It is capable of undertaking long migrations (Ref. 119696). Feeds on pelagic and bottom fishes (herring, Atlantic salmon, Arctic char, capelin, redfish, sculpins, lumpfish, cod, haddock, Atlantic halibut, Greenland halibut and skates (Ref. 5951)), sharks and skates (Ref. 5578), seals and small cetaceans, sea birds, squids, crabs, amphipods, marine snails, brittle stars, sea urchins, and jellyfish (Ref. 247, 58240). Radiocarbon dating of eye lens nuclei from 28 caught female Greenland sharks (81-502 cm TL) revealed a life span of at least 272 years, the oldest being nearly 400 years; age of sexual maturity is about 150 years. This large species is slow-growing (Ref. 110949). Petromyzon marinus was reported to have been attached to S. microcephalus (Ref. 58185). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 205). Utilized fresh and dried for human and sled-dog food (flesh is said to be toxic when fresh); Inuit also used the skin to make boots, and the sharp lower dental bands as knives for cutting hair (Ref. 247). A very sluggish shark (Ref. 28609). Reports in literature of lengths exceeding 640 cm TL (e.g. up to 730 cm TL in Ref. 247) remain unverified. Common length 244-427 cm TL (Ref. 119696). Yano, K., J.D. Stevens and L.J.V. Compagno 2004 A review of the systematics of the sleeper shark genus <i>Somniosus</i> with redescriptions of <i>Somniosus</i> (<i>Somniosus</i>) <i>antarcticus</i> and <i>Somniosus</i> (<i>Rhinoscymnus</i>) <i>longus</i> (Squaliformes: Somniosidae). Ichthyol. Res. 51:360-373. (Ref. 50224) FB-DiagnosticDescr-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1995-11-20 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle A gigantic, heavily-bodied dogfish shark with a moderately long, rounded snout and small, low dorsal fins; lower caudal lobe long; upper jaw with small single-cusped teeth and lower jaw with moderate-sized, bent-cusped, slicing teeth (Ref. 5578). Medium grey or brown in color, sometimes with transverse dark bands or small light spots (Ref. 5578). Bass, A.J., L.J.V. Compagno and P.C. Heemstra 1986 Squalidae. p. 49-62. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 6577) FB-Morphology-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1995-11-20 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0; Vertebrae: 41 - 44 Bass, A.J., L.J.V. Compagno and P.C. Heemstra 1986 Squalidae. p. 49-62. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 6577) FB-Distribution-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size North Atlantic from the USA and Canada to Greenland in the west and from Portugal to the Barents Sea and Eastern Siberian Sea.Genetic analyses caution that the geographic range of this species may be much narrower, ranging from Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, and Norway, with occasional records from Cuba, France and Spain (Canary Is.) (Yano et al. 2007, MacNeil et al. 2012, Walter et al. 2017, Simpson et al. 2018). Records from the western Atlantic, including records from the northern Gulf of Mexico and Canadian side off the Davis Strait exhibit evidence of introgressive hybridisation with Pacific Sleeper Shark (Somniosus pacificus) which has been recorded as far north as the Azores Islands (Portugal) (Walter et al. 2017). Kulka, D.W., C.F. Cotton, B. Anderson, D. Derrick, K. Herman and N.K. Dulvy 2020 <i>Somniosus microcephalus</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T60213A124452872. Accessed on 22 May 2025. (Ref. 137501) FB-Uses-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-Migration-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Mecklenburg, C.W., A. Lynghammar, E. Johannesen, I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, A.V. Dolgov, O.V. Karamushko, T.A. Mecklenburg, P.R. Møller, D. Steinke and P.R. Wienerroither 2018 Marine fishes of the Arctic Region.Volume I. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. [CAFF Monitoring Series Report 28:1-454.] (Ref. 119696) FB-LifeCycle-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=138&StockCode=152 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Ovoviviparous (Ref. 247). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) FB-TrophicStrategy-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1999-09-16 00:00:00 2023-02-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public microcephalus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Reported abundant on continental and insular shelves and upper slopes down to at least 1,200 m (Ref. 247) and recorded to as deep as 2,200 m (Ref. 55584) on theh Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Ref. 119696). Epibenthic-pelagic (Ref. 58426). In the Arctic and boreal Atlantic, it occurs inshore in the intertidal and at the surface in shallow bays and river mouths during colder months, retreating to depths of 180-550 m when the temperature rises (Ref. 247). Feeds on pelagic and bottom fishes (herring, spiny eels, Atlantic salmon, Arctic char, smelt, gadoids including cod, ling, pollock and haddock, capelin, redfish, sculpins, lumpfish, Atlantic halibut, Greenland halibut, wolf-fish, redfish (Sebastes) and skates and their egg cases (Ref. 247, 5951), marine mammals, seals (common prey and possibly taken alive) and small cetaceans (most probably mostly as carrion), sea birds, squids, crabs, amphipods, marine snails, brittle stars, sea urchins, and jellyfish. Known to voraciously devour carrion and offal from whaling, sealing and fishing operations (Ref. 247, 58240). Found in varying habitats, from nearshore and upper slopes to lower shelf and slope waters. Typically in temperatures of 4.4 to 11.8°C (Ref. 117245). Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. FB-Size-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution 427 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 247)); 550 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 1,100 kg; max. reported age: 392 years (Ref. 110949) Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) Nielsen, J., R.B. Hedeholm, M. Simon and J.F. Steffensen 2014 Distribution and feeding ecology of the Greenland shark (<i>Somniosus microcephalus</i>) in Greenland waters. Polar Biology 37(1):37-46. (Ref. 118389) Nielsen, J., R.B. Hedeholm, J. Heinemeier, P.G. Bushnell, J.S. Christiansen, J. Olsen, C.B. Ramsey, R.W. Brill, M. Simon, K. Steffensen and J.F. Steffensen 2016 Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (<i>Somniosus microcephalus</i>). Science 353:702-704. Supplementary materials available at www.sciencemag.org/content/353/6300/702/suppl/DC1 (Ref. 110949) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-138 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size benthopelagic; oceanodromous (Ref. 119696); marine; depth range 0 - 2992 m (Ref. 119696), usually 200 - 600 m (Ref. 35388) Mecklenburg, C.W., A. Lynghammar, E. Johannesen, I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, A.V. Dolgov, O.V. Karamushko, T.A. Mecklenburg, P.R. Møller, D. Steinke and P.R. Wienerroither 2018 Marine fishes of the Arctic Region.Volume I. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. [CAFF Monitoring Series Report 28:1-454.] (Ref. 119696) Mecklenburg, C.W., A. Lynghammar, E. Johannesen, I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, A.V. Dolgov, O.V. Karamushko, T.A. Mecklenburg, P.R. Møller, D. Steinke and P.R. Wienerroither 2018 Marine fishes of the Arctic Region.Volume I. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. [CAFF Monitoring Series Report 28:1-454.] (Ref. 119696) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388)