FB-2061 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2061 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Myliobatiformes Mobulidae Mobula Mobula birostris (Walbaum, 1792) Djevlerokke Manta Arraia-dois-chifres Arraia-jamanta Arraia-morcego Diabo-do-mar Jamanta Jamanta gigante Manta Maroma Morcego-do-mar Peixe-diabo Raia-jamanta Urjamanta Manta Pagi Salanga Almindelig djævlerokke Djævlerokke Manta Riesenmanta Riesen-Teufelsrochen Teufelsrochen Atlantic manta Australian devilray Blanketfish Devil fish Devil ray Devilfish Devil-ray Eagleray Giant Atlantic manta Giant devil ray Giant manta Giant Manta Giant manta ray Great devil fish Manta Manta ray Mantaray Munguna Oceanic manta ray Pacific manta Prince Alfreds ray Sea devil Skeete Hiid-sarvikrai Dumu vai mataitalia Vevewai Paholaisrausku Diable de mer Grande mante Manta Mante Mante atlantique Mante du Pacifique Mante géante Raie manta Kpotsile Maale Hāhālua Diavolo di mare Manta Cawang kalung Plampangan Itomaki-ei Oni-itomaki-ei オニイトマキエイ കൊട്ടര്  Pari kelawar Pari kola Pari paung Pari paus манта черт морской Manta Baalaley Gaangish Taachui Djävulsrocka Jättemanta Manta Stillahavsmanta Fafa piti Fafapiti Fāfāpiti Fāfārua Hahapiti Kotuwa-tiriki கெட்டுவா தருக்கை  கொட்டுவ திருக்கி Pagi Cá Nạng Choucounteur Ndiaouratt bédjéne Manta Manta atlantica Manta atlántica gigante Manta gigante Manta raya Manta voladora Mantaraya Mortaja voladora Raya Diavol de mare Diavolos Duivelsrog En madi Fafarua Fafa'ua Fai manu Fairiyap Haha'ua Kalomlom Kotogan Lautiapua Manta Mensa mamua Mieza nyema Mwura Pari kerbau Pe-guc Pe-wen Tchibouela likouessi Teratos Ucha Vali lovo Véraa Whipri 双吻前口蝠鲼 埃氏前口蝠鱝 埃氏前口蝠鲼 太平洋前口蝠鱝 太平洋前口蝠鲼 雙吻前口蝠鱝 鬼蝠魟 鬼蝠魟(双吻前口蝠鲼) Brachioptilon hamiltoni Hamilton & Newman, 1849 Cephaloptera lacepedei Billberg, 1833 Cephaloptera stelligera Günther, 1870 Cephalopterus giorna Lesueur, 1824 Cephalopterus manta Bancroft, 1829 Cephalopterus vampyrus Mitchill, 1824 Ceratoptera alfredi (non Krefft, 1868) Ceratoptera ehrenbergi Müller & Henle, 1841 Ceratoptera ehrenbergii Müller & Henle, 1841 Ceratoptera johnii Müller & Henle, 1841 Ceratoptera orissa Lloyd, 1908 Diabolichthys elliotti Holmes, 1856 Diabolicthys elliotti Holmes, 1856 Manta alfredi (non Krefft, 1868) Manta americana Bancroft, 1829 Manta birostris (Walbaum, 1792) Manta brevirostris (Walbaum, 1792) Manta ehrenbergii (Müller & Henle, 1841) Manta hamiltoni (Hamilton & Newman, 1849) Manta pinchoti Whitley, 1936 Manta raya Baer, 1899 Raja birostris Walbaum, 1792 Raja diabolus marinus Bloch & Schneider , 1801 Raja fimbriata Lacepède, 1802 Raja manatia Bloch & Schneider, 1801 1991-01-18 2024-01-22 Smith, M.M. and P.C. 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Regional Studies in Marine Science 60(2023) 102825:1-10. (Ref. 130287) Germanov, E.S. and A.D. Marshall0 Running the Gauntlet: Regional Movement Patterns of <i>Manta alfredi</i> through a Complex of Parks and Fisheries. PLoS ONE 9(10):e110071. (Ref. 130469) Zavalaga Talledo, F., S.V. Campos León and K. Kanagusuku Gondo0 Guía para la determinación de las principales rayas del Perú. Lima (Peru): Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), 42 p. (Ref. 130539) Kwei, E.A. and D.W. Ofori-Adu0 Fishes in the coastal waters of Ghana. Comm. 2. Tema-Ghana. 124p. (Ref. 130891) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals-CMS0 Convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals (CMS). xxx (Ref. 131118) CITES0 Appendices I, II and III. UNEP. (Ref. 131153) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) FB-pic-2061-4246 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-05-30 2001-05-02 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2061 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Mabir_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Mabir_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-2061 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2061 Mainly in near-shore waters, near coral and rocky reefs; sometimes found over deep water (Ref. 12951). Reported along productive coastlines with regular upwelling, oceanic island groups and offshore pinnacles and seamounts (Ref. 82755). Penetrates shallow muddy bays and the intertidal and occurs off river mouths (Ref. 9911). Pelagic (Ref. 58302). Occurs singly or in loose aggregations (Ref. 12951). Mainly plankton feeders, but may feed on small and moderate-sized fishes as well (Ref. 9911). Leaps out the water mainly in spring and autumn, possibly as part of mating behavior (Ref. 31742). Easily approached (Ref. 9911). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 6902). Commonly caught by tuna gillnet and harpoon fisheries. Utilized for its gill filter plates (very high value), meat, cartilage and skin (Ref.58048). Liver yields oil and skin used as abrasive (Ref. 6902). World's largest ray (Ref. 37816). Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871) FB-DiagnosticDescr-2061 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1996-06-28 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2061 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats A giant ray having an extremely broad head with long head fins, and a terminal mouth; upper surface of disc covered with denticles, and tail usually without a spine (Ref. 5578). Blackish above, sometimes with white shoulder patches; white below, with grey edging on disc (Ref. 5578). Tail whiplike but short (Ref. 7251). Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602) FB-Distribution-2061 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2024-07-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2061 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Circumglobal, tropical to temperate: in the Northern Hemisphere, as far north as southern California and Rhode Island on the United States west and east coasts, Mutsu Bay, Aomori, Japan, the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt and the Azores Islands; in the Southern Hemisphere, as far south as Peru, Uruguay, South Africa and New Zealand. Insome locations, including Mozambique, it is sympatric with Manta alfredi. Marshall, A.D., L.J.V. Compagno and M.B. Bennett 2009 Redescription of the genus <i>Manta</i> with resurrection of <i>Manta alfredi</i> (Krefft, 1868) (Chondrichthyes; Myliobatoidei; Mobulidae). Zootaxa 2301(1):1-28. (Ref. 82755) FB-Uses-2061 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2061 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: minor commercial; price category: medium; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family Cervigón, F. and W. Fischer 1979 INFOPESCA. Catálogo de especies marinas de interes economico actual o potencial para América Latina. Parte 1. Atlántico centro y suroccidental. FAO/UNDP, SIC/79/1. 372 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 6077) Michael, S.W. 1993 Reef sharks and rays of the world. A guide to their identification, behavior, and ecology. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California. 107 p. (Ref. 12951) FB-Migration-2061 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2061 Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-2061 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2061&StockCode=2256 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Bears up to 2 young (Ref. 5578); born at 122-127 cm WD (Ref.58048). A female of 550 cm width and weighing 1050 kg was collected in the Galapagos in June and was carrying a well-developed embryo of 12.7 kg (Ref. 28023). Size at partuition might be from 1.1 to 1.3 m and from 9.1 to 1.14 kg (Ref. 31742).Yano et al (1999) (Ref. 35892) describe the mating behavior of manta rays based on observations off Ogasawara Islands, Japan, in the following sequence:1) 'chasing', the male rapidly follows behind the tail of the female and attacks her several times;2) 'nipping', the male nips the tip of the pectoral fin of the female and then moves to the ventral surface of the female;3) 'copulating', the male inserts a clasper into the cloacaof the female and copulates abdomen-to-abdomen, up to 123 seconds;4) 'post-copulating';5) 'separating'. (Ref. 49562). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-2061 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-04-07 00:00:00 2017-09-25 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public birostris http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Common on coastal waters (Ref. 9137). One of the best areas to view them is around Sangalaki Island, off the northeastern coast of Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo), (Ref. 54301). Mainly in near-shore waters, near coral and rocky reefs; sometimes found over deep water (Ref. 12951). Penetrates shallow muddy bays and the intertidal and occurs off river mouths (Ref. 9911). Pelagic (Ref. 58302). Occurs singly or in loose aggregations (Ref. 12951). Mainly plankton feeders, but may feed on small and moderate-sized fishes as well (Ref. 9911). A carnivore (Ref. 9137). Leaps out the water mainly in spring and autumn, possibly as part of mating behavior (Ref. 31742). Easily approached (Ref. 9911). Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg 1960 Ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the Marshall Islands. Ecol. Monogr. 30(1):65-127. (Ref. 275) FB-Size-2061 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2061 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 910 cm WD (male/unsexed; (Ref. 58048)); max. published weight: 3,000.0 kg (Ref. 5377); max. reported age: 20 years (Ref. 31742) White, W.T., P.R. Last, J.D. Stevens, G.K. Yearsley, Fahmi and Dharmadi 2006 Economically important sharks and rays of Indonesia. [Hiu dan pari yang bernilai ekonomis penting di Indonesia]. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. (Ref. 58048) Maigret, J. and B. Ly 1986 Les poissons de mer de Mauritanie. Science Nat., Compiègne. 213 p. (Ref. 5377) Homma, K., T. Maruyama, T. Itoh, H. Ishihara and S. Uchida 1999 Biology of the manta ray <i>Manta birostris</i> Walbaum, in the Indo-Pacific. p. 209-216. In B. Séret and J.-Y. Sire (eds.) Proceedings of the . 5th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Nouméa, 1997. Soc. Fr. Ichthyol., Paris. (Ref. 31742) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-2061 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-01-18 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2061 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription reef-associated; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); marine; depth range 0 - 1000 m (Ref. 106604) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Weigmann, S. 2016 Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J. Fish Biol. 88(1):1-201. (Ref. 106604)