FB-2584 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2584 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Myliobatiformes Rhinopteridae Rhinoptera Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill, 1815) Arraia Arraia-boca-de-gaveta Arraia-gaveta Raia-focinho-de-vaca Raia Raia-sapo Raia-ticonha Ticonha Maran východoamerický Morgath drwynbwl Konæserokke American cownose ray Cowfish Cownose Ray Cownose ray Cownose rays Cow-nosed ray Manta Skeete Ameerika härjapearai Lehmärausku Mourine américaine Kurogane-ushibana-tobi-ei скат-быченос американский Komulerocka Ndiaouatt Toumboulann Cara de vaca Chucho Chucho marrón Chucho mono Gavilán cubanito Gavilan mancha Gavilan manchado Mancha Raya gavilán Airayu Egaluna Mulou Echte koeneusrog Runtj Rutj Tchimbombo Tchimbonga 大西洋牛鼻鱝 大西洋牛鼻鲼 Raja bonasus Mitchill, 1815 Raja quadriloba Lesueur, 1817 Rhinoptera affinis Bleeker, 1863 Rhinoptera javanica (non Müller & Henle, 1841) Rhinoptera lalandii Müller & Henle, 1841 Rhinoptera quadriloba (Lesueur, 1817) 1991-05-01 2019-09-09 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174. (Ref. 276) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814) McEachran, J.D. and B. Séret0 Rhinopteridae. p. 71-72. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 4441) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. 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(Ref. 132125) FB-pic-2584-6617 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-12-19 1996-04-02 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2584 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Rhbon_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Rhbon_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-09-09 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2584 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution A benthopelagic species found on continental and insular shelves; enters bays and estuaries; forms huge schools inshore (Ref. 114953). Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates and molluscs (implicated in damaging seagrass beds) (Ref. 93252, 114953). Jumps occasionally, landing with a loud smack, probably as a territorial display. Migrates south in large schools that disappear off northern Florida, USA and are not reported from Caribbean Is.; tagged fish have been recovered in northern South America (Ref. 7251). Population in the Gulf of Mexico migrates clockwise; schools of up to 10,000 rays leave west coast of Florida for Yucatan, Mexico in the fall (Ref. 7251). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-DiagnosticDescr-2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Grace Tolentino Pablico 2001-01-12 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2584 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Deep grove around front of head below eyes; forehead above groove indented, snout below groove is distinctly bilobed (Ref. 26938). Disk brown to olive above, with no spots or marks, wings long and pointed (Ref. 7251). Lower surface white or yellowish white (Ref. 6902). Smith, C.L. 1997 National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p. (Ref. 26938) FB-Distribution-2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-02 00:00:00 2023-11-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2584 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Western Atlantic: from New England (USA) to northern Argentina (Ref. 114953); including northern Florida (USA), throughout the Gulf of Mexico, migrating to Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil and Uruguay (Ref. 7251). Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-Uses-2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-09-09 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2584 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: medium; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family Cervigón, F. and W. Fischer 1979 INFOPESCA. Catálogo de especies marinas de interes economico actual o potencial para América Latina. Parte 1. Atlántico centro y suroccidental. FAO/UNDP, SIC/79/1. 372 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 6077) Michael, S.W. 1993 Reef sharks and rays of the world. A guide to their identification, behavior, and ecology. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California. 107 p. (Ref. 12951) FB-Migration-2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-09-09 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2584 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-09-09 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2584&StockCode=2780 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Arlene G. Sampang-Reyes 2001-02-14 00:00:00 2019-09-09 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public bonasus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat A benthopelagic species found on continental and insular shelves; enters bays and estuaries; forms huge schools inshore (Ref. 114953). Jumps occasionally, landing with a loud smack, probably as a territorial display. Migrates south in large schools that disappear off northern Florida, USA and are not reported from Caribbean Is.; tagged fish have been recovered in northern South America (Ref. 7251). Population in the Gulf of Mexico migrates clockwise; schools of up to 10,000 rays leave west coast of Florida for Yucatan, Mexico in the fall (Ref. 7251). Foraging schools of rays invade tidal flats during the flood tide. Stirring motions of the pectoral fins combined with suction from the expansive orobranchial chamber are probably used to excavate deep burrowing bivalves (Ref. 59106). Adult rays feed on deep burrowing mollusks and juveniles feed on shallow or non-burrowing bivalves (Ref. 59106). The soft shell, Mya arenaria, contributed the greatest frequency of occurrence (Ref. 59106). Exposed pectoral fin tips and water boils on a calm surface was characterized the shallow-water feeding activity of cownose rays (Ref. 59106). Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder 1953 Sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates and rays. p. 1-514. In J. Tee-Van et al. (eds.) Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Part two. New Haven, Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ. (Ref. 6902) FB-Size-2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-09-09 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2584 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription 120 cm WD (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217)); max. published weight: 953 g (Ref. 118626) Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez 1992 Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. FAO, Rome. 513 p. Preparado con el financiamento de la Comisión de Comunidades Europeas y de NORAD. (Ref. 5217) Barreto, T.M.R.R., K.M.F. Freire, J.J.C. Reis-Júnior, L.C. Rosa, A. Carvalho-Filho and M.M. Rotundo 2018 Fish species caught by shrimp trawlers off the coast of Sergipe, in north-eastern Brazil, and their length-weight relations. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 48(3):277-283. (Ref. 118626) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2019-09-09 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2584 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution benthopelagic; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 22 m (Ref. 26912) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Gines, H. and F. Cervigón 1967 Exploracion pesquera en las costas de Guyana y Surinam año 1967. Estacíon de Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita. Fundacíon La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, no. 29. (Ref. 26912)