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	<dc:identifier>FB-49811</dc:identifier>
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	<dwc:Kingdom>Animalia</dwc:Kingdom>
	<dwc:Phylum>Chordata</dwc:Phylum>
	<dwc:Class>Teleostei</dwc:Class>
	<dwc:Order>Siluriformes</dwc:Order>
	<dwc:Family>Astroblepidae</dwc:Family>
	<dwc:Genus>Astroblepus</dwc:Genus>
	<dwc:ScientificName>Astroblepus ubidiai (Pellegrin, 1931)</dwc:ScientificName>
	<commonName xml:lang='da'>Mørk fladhovedulk</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Black flathead</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Dusky</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Dusky flathead</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Estuary flathead</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Flattie</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Frog</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Lizard</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Mud flathead</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>River flathead</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='et'>Pruunikas lamepea</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>宽头鲬</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>寬頭鯒</commonName>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Platycephalus cinereus Günther, 1872</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Platycephalus mortoni Macleay, 1883</synonym>
	<dcterms:created>1998-09-17</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2021-09-27</dcterms:modified>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=205&amp;speccode=49820'>Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1830&amp;speccode=49820'>Eschmeyer, W.N.0 Catalog of the genera of recent fishes. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA. 697 p. (Ref. 1830)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=2165&amp;speccode=49820'>Brown, I.W.0 Ecology of three sympatric flatheads (Platycephalidae) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Monash University, Victoria. Ph.D. dissertation. 324 p. (Ref. 2165)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4517&amp;speccode=49820'>Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6390&amp;speccode=49820'>Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve0 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=7300&amp;speccode=49820'>Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley0 Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p. (Ref. 7300)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=7463&amp;speccode=49820'>Nelson, J.S.0 Fishes of the world. Third edition. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York. 600 p. (Ref. 7463)</reference>
	<reference isbn='0-8248-1523-8.' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9002&amp;speccode=49820'>Kuiter, R.H.0 Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. 437 p. (Ref. 9002)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=26282&amp;speccode=49820'>Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)0 Catalog of fishes. Special Publication, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p. (Ref. 26282)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=26431&amp;speccode=49820'>Hall, D.N. and C.M. MacDonald0 Commercial fishery situation report: net and line fisheries of Port Phillip Bay Victoria, 1914-1984. Victoria Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Fisheries Division, Marine Fisheries Report 10. 121 p. (Ref. 26431)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=27112&amp;speccode=49820'>Anonymous0 Commercial fisheries of New South Wales. N.S.W. State Fisheries. 60 p. (Ref. 27112)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=27242&amp;speccode=49820'>Keenan, C.P.0 Systematics and evolution of Australian species of flatheads (Pisces, Platycephalidae). University of Queensland. 415 p. Ph.D. thesis. (Ref. 27242)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=27245&amp;speccode=49820'>State Pollution Control Commission0 The ecology of fish in Botany Bay - biology of commercially and recreationally valuable species. Environmental Control Study of Botany Bay. Sydney. 287 p. (Ref. 27245)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=27246&amp;speccode=49820'>Dredge, M.C.L.0 Aspects of the ecology of three estuarine dwelling fish in southeast Queensland. University of Queensland. 122 p. M.S. thesis. (Ref. 27246)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=27247&amp;speccode=49820'>Russell, D.J.0 An assessment of the east Queensland inshore gill net fishery. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Information Series QI88024. 57 p. (Ref. 27247)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=27248&amp;speccode=49820'>Winstanley, R.H.0 Commercial fishery situation report: Tamboon Inlet. Victorian Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Fisheries and Wildlife Service, Marine Fisheries Report 7. 28 p. (Ref. 27248)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=28478&amp;speccode=49820'>Hall, D.N. and C.M. MacDonald0 A survey of recreational fishing in the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria. Victorian Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Fisheries and Wildlife Service, Marine Fisheries Report 3. 25 p. (Ref. 28478)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=29003&amp;speccode=49820'>Imamura, H.0 Phylogeny of the family Platycephalidae and related taxa (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes). Species Diversity 1( 2):123-233. (Ref. 29003)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=30501&amp;speccode=49820'>Fricke, R.0 Nominal genera and species of dragonets (Teleostei: Callionymidae, Draconettidae). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 84:53-92. (Ref. 30501)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=30555&amp;speccode=49820'>Henry, G.W.0 Commercial and recreational fishing in Sydney estuary. Department of Agriculture, New South Wales, Fisheries Bulletin 1. 47 p. (Ref. 30555)</reference>
	<reference isbn='957-8596-59-6' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=31517&amp;speccode=49820'>Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=31982&amp;speccode=49820'>Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=34073&amp;speccode=49820'>Neira, F.J. and A.G. Miskiewicz0 Platycephalidae: flatheads. p. 134-139. In F.J. Neira, A.G. Miskiewicz and T. Trnski (eds.) Larvae of temperate Australian fishes: laboratory guide for larval fish identification. University of Western Australia Press. 474 p. (Ref. 34073)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=38732&amp;speccode=49820'>Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=40637&amp;speccode=49820'>IGFA0 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=41414&amp;speccode=49820'>Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA. (Ref. 41414)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=45161&amp;speccode=49820'>Basmayor, L.O., R.D. Dioneda and V.S. Soliman0 The fishes and invertebrates of San Miguel Bay. p.36-47. In V.S. Soliman and R.D. Dioneda (eds.) Capture Fisheries Assessment of San Miguel Bay, Post-Resource and Ecological Assessment of San Miguel Bay, Phil., Vol.1. BFAR, Fish. Sect. Prog. and Bicol Univ. Coll. of Fish. SMB Post-REA Tech. Rep. 1,60 p. (Ref. 45161)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=50831&amp;speccode=49820'>Seafood Services Australia0 Australian fish names list. http://www.seafoodservices.com.au/, version 16 September 2003. (Ref. 50831)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51471&amp;speccode=49820'>Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58108&amp;speccode=49820'>Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=75154&amp;speccode=49820'>Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton and G.R. Allen0 Fishes. In Beasley, O.L. and A. Wells (eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volume 35 Australia: ABRS &amp; CSIRO Publishing, 2178 p. (Ref. 75154)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=78751&amp;speccode=49820'>Johnson, J.W.0 Annotated checklist of the fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 43(2):709-762. (Ref. 78751)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=80359&amp;speccode=49820'>Mazumder, D., N. Saintilan and R.J. Williams0 Fish assemblages in three tidal saltmarsh and mangrove flats in temperate NSW, Australia: a comparison based on species diversity and abundance. Wetlands Ecology and Management 14:201-209. (Ref. 80359)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=94140&amp;speccode=49820'>Imamura, H.0 &lt;i&gt;Platycephalus mortoni&lt;/i&gt; Macleay 1883, a junior synonym of &lt;i&gt;Platycephalus fuscus&lt;/i&gt; Cuvier 1829 (Teleostei: Platycephalidae). Ichthyol. Res. 60(3):282-286. (Ref. 94140)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=105472&amp;speccode=49820'>Pihu, E.0 Loomade elu 4. köide. Kalad. Pihu, E. 1979. Loomade Elu, 4. Köide, Kalad. Valgus, Tallinn. (Ref. 105472)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=115957&amp;speccode=49820'>Coulson, P.G., N.G. Hall and I.C. Potter0 Variations in biological characteristics of temperate gonochoristic species of Platycephalidae and their implications: A review. Estua. Coast. Shelf Sci. 190:50-68. (Ref. 115957)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=137577&amp;speccode=49820'>Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577)</reference><dataObject>
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	<dcterms:modified>2024-05-13 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Biology</dc:title>
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	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
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	<audience>General public</audience>
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	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution</subject>
	<dc:description>Generally inhabit shallow bays and inlets and can be found in estuaries as far as tidal limits (Ref. 27246); they often invade freshwater.  They occur over mud, silt gravel, sand and seagrass (mainly Zostera species) beds from intertidal areas to depths of 10 m in Queensland and to 30 m in southern New South Wales.  Eggs and larvae are dispersed along the coast by tidal and current movements (Ref. 27112).  Small juveniles less than 12 cm TL first appear in coastal bays 1-2 months after spawning.  They mainly inhabit shallow mangrove and mud flats and seagrass beds (Ref. 27246, 27245).  They are usually solitary but may form loose aggregations (Ref. 2165, 27247).  Feed on small fish, crabs, prawns, small crustaceans.  octopus, squid and polychaete worms.  They have spines on the outer edges of their head which can inflict nasty cuts during handling (pers. comm., Bernard Moss, 2001).</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=7300&amp;speccode=49820'>Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley 1989 Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p. (Ref. 7300)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>Dorsal spines (total): 8 - 9; Dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 14;  Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 13 - 14; Vertebrae: 27</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=34073&amp;speccode=49820'>Neira, F.J. and A.G. Miskiewicz 1998 Platycephalidae: flatheads. p. 134-139. In F.J. Neira, A.G. Miskiewicz and T. Trnski (eds.) Larvae of temperate Australian fishes: laboratory guide for larval fish identification. University of Western Australia Press. 474 p. (Ref. 34073)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>Western Pacific:  endemic to Australia.  Present along the east coast between approximately Cairns, Queensland (Ref.27242) and Gippsland lakes in eastern Victoria.</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6390&amp;speccode=49820'>Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve 1993 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:title>Importance</dc:title>
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	<dc:description>fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6390&amp;speccode=49820'>Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve 1993 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6390&amp;speccode=49820'>Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve 1993 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>There is conflicting information (Ref. 27246, 27245, 27247) on whether dusky flahead are protandrous sex reversers or not.</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6390&amp;speccode=49820'>Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve 1993 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:source>fuscus</dc:source>
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	<dc:description>Dusky flathead generally inhabit shallow bays and inlets and can be found in estuaries as far as tidal limits (Ref. 27246); they often invade freshwater.They occur over mud, silt gravel, sand and seagrass (mainly Zostera species) beds from intertidal areas to depths of 10 m in Queensland and to 30 m in southern New South Wales (Ref. 27112).  Small juveniles less than 12 cm TL first appear in coastal bays 1-2 months after spawning.  They mainly inhabit shallow mangrove and mud flats and seagrass beds (Ref. 27246, 27245).  They are usually solitary but may form loose aggregations (Ref. 2165, 27247).  Feed on small fish, crabs, prawns, small crustaceans.  octopus, squid and polychaete worms.  They have spines on the outer edges of their head which can inflict nasty cuts during handling (pers. comm., Bernard Moss, 2001).</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6390&amp;speccode=49820'>Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve 1993 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>120 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 27112)); max. published weight: 15.0 kg (Ref. 27248)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=27112&amp;speccode=49820'>Anonymous 1982 Commercial fisheries of New South Wales. N.S.W. State Fisheries. 60 p. (Ref. 27112)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=27248&amp;speccode=49820'>Winstanley, R.H. 1985 Commercial fishery situation report: Tamboon Inlet. Victorian Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Fisheries and Wildlife Service, Marine Fisheries Report 7. 28 p. (Ref. 27248)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073'>IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy</subject>
	<dc:description>demersal; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 30 m (Ref. 6390)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6390&amp;speccode=49820'>Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve 1993 Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. (Ref. 6390)</reference></dataObject>
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