FB-62869 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=62869 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Kurtiformes Apogonidae Apogon Apogon rubellus (Smith, 1961) Jewel cichlid Litterkirju poolkroomkala Poolkroomkala Rode accara Rode cichlide Hemichromis guttatus Günther, 1862 2006-10-26 2024-06-21 Günther, A.0 Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii, Pharyngognathi, and Anacanthini in the collection of the British Museum. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4:534 p. (Ref. 552) Lévêque, C. and D. Paugy0 Guide des poissons d'eau douce de la zone du programme de lutte contre l'onchocercose en Afrique de l'Ouest. Convention ORSTOM-OMS. 393 p. (Ref. 3032) Daget, J. and G.G. Teugels0 Hemichromis. p. 187-194. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa, CLOFFA, ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5644) Weber, M.0 Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fauna von Süd-Afrika. I. Zur Kenntnis der Süsswasser-Fauna von Süd-Afrika. Zool. Jb. 10(2):135-200. (Ref. 6460) Ufermann, A., R. Allgayer and M. Geerts (eds.)0 Cichlid catalogue (Pisces, Perciformes, Cichlidae Bonaparte, 1840). Vol. 1. Alphabetical catalogue of the cichlid fishes. Mr. Robert Allgayer, 15 rue des Hirondelles, 67350 Dauendorf, France. 1987:i-xv, 439 p. (Ref. 13271) Loiselle, P.V.0 A revision of the genus <i>Hemichromis</i> Peters 1858 (Teleostei: Cichlidae). I. - The <i>Hemichromis fasciatus</i> species group. II. - The <i>Hemichromis bimaculatus</i> species group. III. - The <i>Hemichromis guttatus</i> species group. IV - The <i>Hemichromis letourneauxi</i> species group. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Cent. Ser. 8, Zool., 228:1-124. (Ref. 43352) Lamboj, A.0 The Cichlid Fishes of Western Africa. Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag, Bornheim, Germany. 255 p. (Ref. 52307) Greenwood, P.H.0 Notes on the anatomy and phyletic relationships of <i>Hemichromis</i> Peters, 1858. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Zool.), 48(3):131-171. (Ref. 57564) Bijnens, A.0 <i>Hemichromis guttatus</i> (Gunther 1862). Aquariumwereld 44(4):2pp. (Ref. 57572) Linke, H. and W. Staeck0 Afrikanische Cichliden I. Buntbarsche aus Westafrika. Tetra Verlag, Melle, 142p. (Ref. 57577) Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof0 Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043) Stiassny, M.L.J., A. Lamboj, D. De Weirdt and G.G. Teugels0 Cichlidae. p. 269-403. In M.L.J. Stiassny, G.G Teugels and C.D. Hopkins (eds.) The fresh and brackish water fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa Volume 2. Coll. faune et flore tropicales 42. Institut de recherche de développement, Paris, France, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, France and Musée royal de l'Afrique Central, Tervuren, Belgium, 603p. (Ref. 81260) eElurikkus0 eElurikkus koondab ühte portaali Eesti eluslooduse andmed. http://elurikkus.ut.ee/ (Ref. 105471) Termeki on Eesti Keele Instituudi0 Termeki on Eesti Keele Instituudi. http://term.eki.ee/termbase/view/7351963/ (Ref. 105574) Lamboj, A. and S. Koblmüller0 Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the cichlid genus <i>Hemichromis</i> (Teleostei, Cichliformes, Cichlidae), with description of a new genus and revalidation of <i>H. angolensis</i>. Hydrobiologia (2022):1-22. (Ref. 128620) Chan, J.C.F., A.H.F. Tsang, S.-M. Yau, T.C.H. Hui, A. Lau, H.H. Tan, B.W. Low, D. Dudgeon and J.H. Liew0 The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins. Raffles Bull. Zool. 71:128-168. (Ref. 129032) FB-GeneralDescr-62877 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 2006-10-30 16:31:18 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=62877 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Eurytopic; found most frequently in association with stands of emergent or submerged aquatic plants; particularly abundant in shallower and quieter stretches of large rivers, in small lateral tributaries of such streams, in oxbow lakes and in swampy habitats; even maintains breeding populations in coastal lagoons; absent from rapids zone of streams or in headwaters flowing through montane forest (Ref. 43352). Forest-associated species (Ref. 43352, 52307). Pair-bonding, substrate brooders (Ref. 52307, 81260). Aquarium keeping: aggressive species, requires sufficient space to build territories; omnivore; spawns up to 300 eggs which hatch after 2 days, young are free-swimming after 5 days (Ref. 57572). Lamboj, A. and S. Koblmüller 2022 Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the cichlid genus <i>Hemichromis</i> (Teleostei, Cichliformes, Cichlidae), with description of a new genus and revalidation of <i>H. angolensis</i>. Hydrobiologia (2022):1-22. (Ref. 128620) FB-DiagnosticDescr-62877 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 2006-10-30 17:13:52 2018-01-11 20:56:30 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=62877 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Diagnosis: mouth small, premaxilla moderately protractile (Ref. 43352). Snout short (Ref. 43352) and obtuse, scarcely longer than eye (Ref. 522). 2 middle teeth of upper jaw scarcely longer than others; scales on cheek in 3-4 series (Ref. 552). Pharyngeal bone roughly triangular, heavily dentigerous (Ref. 43352), with 22-24 teeth along posterior margin (Ref. 3032, 43352). Pharyngeal teeth bicuspid with clearly defined minor cusp (Ref. 3032, 43352). Median pharyngeal teeth non-molariform (Ref. 3032). Orbit narrow, caudal peduncle deep (Ref. 43352). Dorsal fin commences before root of pectoral (Ref. 552). Operculum with large black spot (Ref. 552), another black oval spot on side of body (Ref. 552, 3032, 43352, 81260), latter sometimes absent (Ref. 81260). Black spot on caudal peduncle normally present, small and ovoid (Ref. 81260). Sides of head with round black spots (Ref. 552). Irregular distributed pattern of blue spangling on head, body and unpaired fins (Ref. 43352, 81260). Never with multiple series of distinct blotches or bars on flanks (Ref. 81260).Description: relatively deep-bodied, robust (body depth 32.7-46.2% SL); head length 32.5-39.6% SL (Ref. 81260). Upper profile of head curved; upper profile of snout not concave as H. fasciatus (Ref. 552). Snout short (Ref. 552, 81260), scarcely longer than eye diameter (Ref. 552). Mouth small (Ref. 81260). Cleft of mouth oblique, of moderate width (Ref. 552). Lower jaw slightly prominent (Ref. 552, 43352, 81260). Lower lip fold just overlaps upper lip at corner of mouth (Ref. 81260). Maxillary extending below anterior margin of eye (Ref. 552). Teeth in both jaws small, conical, in a single series; occasionally a few inner row teeth at symphysis of upper jaw (Ref. 552, 81260). A pair of small but distinct canines in lower jaw, wide apart from each other; preorbital much narrower than orbit; interorbital space rather flat, wider than orbit; lower pharyngeal plate longer than broad, with very small conical teeth, those in the middle rather coarser (Ref. 552). Lower pharyngeal bone roughly triangular with posterior margin somewhat rounded and indented (Ref. 43352). Operculum scaly, terminating in a prominent, rounded, stiff, scaleless black lobe (Ref. 552). Microbranchiospines present on outer aspect of gill arches 2 to 4 (Ref. 57564). Scales cycloid; upper part of lateral line with 15-19 scales, lower part with 7-11 scales (Ref. 43352). Chest scales smaller than body scales (Ref. 81260). Origin of dorsal fin falls vertically before pectoral fin root, and its distance from caudal fin is less than the depth of the free portion of the tail (Ref. 552). Dorsal fin spines of moderate strength and length (Ref. 552), increasing progressively in length from the first to the last (Ref. 43352). Some of the middle dorsal and anal rays slightly produced (Ref. 552, 81260), so as to extend beyond the base of the caudal fin (Ref. 552). Caudal rounded (Ref. 552, 52307, 81260), shorter than head (Ref. 552). Caudal peduncle always deeper than long (Ref. 81260). Pectoral fins rounded (Ref. 552, 43352). Two outer ventral rays produced into filaments (Ref. 552), first pelvic ray longest in both sexes (Ref. 81260).Coloration: (see also Ref. 81260). Sexually inactive males: dorsum olive-beige, flanks beige with rosy violet flush; snout, lips, cheeks, opercular region and venter rosy orange; conspicuous regular black spot present at upper angle of opercular margin; (deep yellow-bordered) black spot, 2/3 above midlateral line, present in middle of flanks; small ovoid black spot may be present on base of caudal peduncle; dark lachrymal stripe of variable intensity present; cheeks and opercula heavily spangled with discrete iridescent blue spots; stochastically distributed pattern of similar blue spangling present on flanks; dorsal, caudal and anal fins rosy violet, marked with same pattern of blue spangling present on flanks; dorsal fin lappets, margin of soft dorsal and upper distal margin of caudal fin bright red, with narrow iridescent blue submarginal band; anal fin marked with dusky border; ventral fins rosy violet, with iridescent blue leading edge and interradial streaking; pectorals hyaline; iris yellow, transversed with a behaviorally variable oblique bar (Ref. 43352). Sexually inactive females: somewhat redder in overall coloration; pattern of iridescent blue spangling less extensive; color of dorsal and anal fins tends towards clear yellow rather than rosy violet (Ref. 43352). Sexually active males: develop an intense rosy violet flush along dorsum and upper flanks, and an orange-red coloration on throat, cheeks and opercular region, along lower third of flanks and on venter; midlateral spot becomes more distinctly ocellated; intensity of blue spangling on head, flanks and vertical fins greatly enhanced (Ref. 43352). Sexually active females: develop and intense orange-red coloration over entire head and body that pales somewhat dorsally; midlateral spot more clearly ocellated, but blue spangling on head, flanks and vertical fins remains less abundant than in males (Ref. 43352). Juveniles lack both intense red coloration and extensive blue spangling, but color pattern is otherwise as in adults (Ref. 43352). Juveniles > 12 mm brownish with an intense black mid-lateral band (Ref. 81260). Preserved specimens: body greenish-olive (Ref. 552). Head and dorsum brown, paling to beige on flanks and venter; centers of midlateral scales lighter in some specimens (Ref. 43352). Conspicuous round opercular spot (Ref. 43352), an ovoid midlateral spot (Ref. 552, 3032, 43352) below 14th and 15th scales of lateral line (Ref. 552) and a small dark lenticular bar at base of caudal peduncle present (Ref. 43352). Opercular lobe black; lower lateral half of head with rounded black spots (Ref. 552). 5-7 broad, indistinct, somewhat irregular bars extend from dorsum to slightly below midlateral line in some specimens (Ref. 43352). Cheek, opercular region and, less frequently, humeral region and base of spiny dorsal fin, variably marked with dark dots; vertical fins clear grey; dorsal fin marked with narrow dark margin, narrow submarginal zone and variably developed reticulate pattern of clear interradial spots in its soft portion; upper distal angle of caudal fin marked with dark edging and clear submarginal zone, and a variably developed interradial reticulate pattern of lighter spots and streaking present along distal margin; anal fin with broad darker border and reduced, variably developed interradial reticulate pattern of clear spots posterodistally (Ref. 43352). Spots on vertical fins sometimes confluent into oblique streaks (Ref. 552). Pelvic fins sooty grey to black on anterior third, marked with variably developed interradial reticulate pattern of clear spots and streaks in posterior two-thirds (Ref. 43352). Pectoral fins hyaline (Ref. 43352) or blackish (Ref. 552), pelvic fins grey (Ref. 43352) or blackish (Ref. 552). Günther, A. 1862 Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii, Pharyngognathi, and Anacanthini in the collection of the British Museum. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4:534 p. (Ref. 552) FB-Morphology-62877 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 2006-10-30 17:13:52 2018-01-11 20:56:30 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=62877 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Dorsal spines (total): 13 - 15; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9 - 12; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 7 - 9; Vertebrae: 25 Günther, A. 1862 Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii, Pharyngognathi, and Anacanthini in the collection of the British Museum. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4:534 p. (Ref. 552) FB-Distribution-62877 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 2006-10-30 16:51:27 2011-03-03 21:38:29 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=62877 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Africa: coastal rivers from Sierra Leone (Ref. 81260) to Cameroon, excepted Lower Volta basin (Ref. 5644). A forest associated species (Ref. 5644). Introduced around 1970 in a stream fed by hot springs in Villach (Austria) (Ref. 59043). Daget, J. and G.G. Teugels 1991 Hemichromis. p. 187-194. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa, CLOFFA, ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5644) FB-Uses-62877 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 2006-10-30 16:31:18 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=62877 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses aquarium: commercial Loiselle, P.V. 1979 A revision of the genus <i>Hemichromis</i> Peters 1858 (Teleostei: Cichlidae). I. - The <i>Hemichromis fasciatus</i> species group. II. - The <i>Hemichromis bimaculatus</i> species group. III. - The <i>Hemichromis guttatus</i> species group. IV - The <i>Hemichromis letourneauxi</i> species group. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Cent. Ser. 8, Zool., 228:1-124. (Ref. 43352) FB-LifeCycle-62877 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 2006-10-30 16:31:18 2024-01-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=62877&StockCode=52942 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Reported to form pairs. Female deposits eggs on exposed hard surfaces such as stones or wood. Both parents guard larvae and juveniles for about 4 weeks (Ref. 59043). FB-Size-62877 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 2006-10-30 16:31:18 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=62877 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size 12.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5644)) Daget, J. and G.G. Teugels 1991 Hemichromis. p. 187-194. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa, CLOFFA, ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5644) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-62877 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tobias Musschoot 2006-10-30 16:31:18 2024-01-15 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=62877 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat benthopelagic; freshwater; brackish