FB-6465 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Serranoidei Epinephelidae Epinephelus Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) Hamoor maamooli Garoupa alaranjada Hamoor Hamour لؤز مُبَقَّع برتقالي Baraka Inid Kigting Kugtung Pugapo Orangeplettet havaborre Orangeflecken-Zackenbarsch Brown-spotted grouper Brown-spotted rockcod Coral cod Coral trout Estuary cod Estuary grouper Estuary rock cod Goldspotted rockcod Greasy cod Green grouper Grouper North-west groper Orange spotted cod Orangespotted grouper Orange-spotted grouper Orangespotted rockcod Reef cod Rockcod Sea bass Spotted cod Spotted river cod Delta-kivikoha kawakawa Mérou à taches oranges Mérou taches orange Mérou taches oranges Lokos Narančasto pjegasta kirnja Cernia arancio-pezzata Chairomaruhata Balong Chiok kau Kerapu Kerapu balong Kerapu bintik Kerapu bintik jingga Kerapu bloso Kerapu macan Kerapu sungai Kueh kau Ukon Alatan Kaltang Kulapo Lapu-lapu Lapu-lapung lupot Lubo Sigapo Karangpakmaenam กะรังปากแม่น้ำ Cá Mú Mero de pintas naranjas Abo-abo Bantol Bato-bato Batol Garopa Garopa kinur Gerape A Gerape lumpur Geurape A Geurape kuneng Iner Jahong Kakab Kerapu A Kerapu lumpur Kugtong Kurapo Labungan Lapu-lapu Lilug Mamonbong Maskad Matkad Ogaw Pugayo Pugnon Salingukod Saukoton Sibog Subla Tabadlo Tangk-an Ting-ad 橘点石斑鱼 橘點石斑魚 點帶石斑魚 点带石斑 点带石斑鱼 石斑 过鱼 青斑 鲙 點帶石斑 點帶石斑魚 Bola coioides Hamilton, 1822 Cephalopholis nebulosus (Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus coiodes (Hamilton, 1822) Epinephelus flavocaeruleus (non Lacepède, 1802) Epinephelus malabaricus (non Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Epinephelus nebulosus (Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus salmoides (non Lacepède, 1802) Epinephelus suillus (Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus tauvina (non Forrskål, 1775) Homalogrystes guntheri Alleyne & Macleay, 1877 Serranus nebulosus Valenciennes, 1828 Serranus salmonoides (non Valenciennes, 1828) Serranus suillus Valenciennes, 1828 1992-10-14 2024-08-12 Smith, M.M. and P.C. 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Bos0 Length-weight and length-length relationships of 139 Indo-Pacific fish species (Teleostei) from the Davao Gulf, Philippines. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 33(2):377-385. (Ref. 108462) Torres, F. Jr.0 Species list for the five municipalities in Southern Palawan. Personal Communication [31/03/17]. (Ref. 114805) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) Al-Husaini, M., J.M. Bishop, H.M. Al-Foudari and A. Al-Baz0 A review of the status and development of Kuwait's fisheries. Mar. Pollut. Bull. (2015). (Ref. 115964) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) SCRFA, Science and Conservation of Fish Aggregations0 SCRFA database. Web online database. https://www.scrfa.org/database/: SCRFA. [2013-onwards]. 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Manna and V.R. Suresh0 Length-weight relations of fishes (Actinopterygii) from Chilika Lagoon, India. Acta Ichthyol. Et Pisc. 50(1):93-96. (Ref. 122095) University of Western Australia0 Benthic BRUVS data 2019. Video BRUVS from Jessica Meeuwig. (Ref. 122752) Nip, T.H.M. and C.K. Wong0 Juvenile fish assemblages in mangrove and non-mangrove soft-shore habitats in eastern Hong Kong. Zool. Stud. 49(6):760-778. (Ref. 125515) Fok, M.-S.M.0 Baseline survey of fish juvenile assemblages in Tolo Harbour and Channel, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Pok Fu Lam, University of Hong Kong, MSc Thesis, 163 p. (Ref. 125536) Situ, Y.Y. and Y.J. Sadovy0 A preliminary study on local species diversity and seasonal composition in a Hong Kong wet market. Asian Fish. Sci. 17:235-248. (Ref. 125552) Chung, S.W.C., S.K. Tong, Y. Xiao and Y.Y. Ho0 Methylmercury and long-chain n-3 fatty acids of 88 fish species commonly consumed in Hong Kong. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology 6(5):1-9. (Ref. 125589) Hau, L.C.Y., K.K.Y. Ho and S.K.H. Shea0 Identification guide to live reef food fish in Hong Kong's wet markets. ADM Foundation, Choose Right Today and Swire Trust in partnership with Bloom, 113 p. (Ref. 126997) Golani, D., E. Azurro, J. Dulčić, E. Massutí and L. Orsi-Relini0 Atlas of exotic fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Second edition. [F. Briand, Ed.]. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco, 365 pages. (Ref. 127989) To, A.W.L., K.S.H. Ching and S.K.H. Shea0 Hong Kong reef fish photo guide. Eco-Education and Resources Centre (Ref. 128523) Lai, N.-W.0 Hong Kong market marine fish. Original title: 香港街市海魚圖鑑. Hua Qianshu Publishing Co., Ltd., p. 440. (Ref. 129440) Achmad, D.S., S. Gani, W. Ardiansyah, M.M. Mokoginta, M.S. Nurdin, J. Jompa, M.A. Indrianti and N. Achmad0 Population dynamics of reef fish in the Kwandang Bay, Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 23(10):5217-5226. (Ref. 129605) Balisco, R.A.T., V.S. Ticzon, B.R. Samaniego, W.-C. Huang, B.J. Gonzales and T.-Y. Liao0 Marine fishes of Palawan, Philippines: species diversity, new records, and conservation status. Regional Studies in Marine Science 60(2023) 102825:1-10. (Ref. 130287) Muallil, R.N., A.M. Tambihasan, M.J. Enojario, R.T. Tarabasa, A.A. Habibuddin, A.S. Injani, M.A.T. Ammang, A.S. Aksa and C.L. Nañola Jr.0 Data on the length-weight relationship of 161 species of commercially important coral reef fishes in Tawi-Tawi islands, Southern Philippines. Data in Brief 50. (Ref. 132177) Ravikumar, T., N. Neethiselvan, N, Jayakumar, C. Sudhan, T. Umamaheswari and P. Padmavathy0 Length-weight relationships and Fulton’s Condition Factor (K) for 29 demersal reef fishes caught by longline. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences 39:1263-1270. (Ref. 132229) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Zhao, R., V.T.T. Lam, Y. Chen, J.Y.F. Sit, J. Li, K.M.Y. Leung and M. Yan0 A pilot study of fish biodiversity with a highlight of chondrichthyans in Hong Kong waters using environmental DNA metabarcoding. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 86(104194):1-9. (Ref. 137658) FB-pic-6465-2255 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1995-01-06 2019-02-02 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. 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Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epcoi_u8.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epcoi_u8.jpg FB-pic-6465-11198 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-05-25 1996-05-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epcoi_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epcoi_u0.gif FB-pic-6465-27944 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 2000-11-07 2000-11-07 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size depth range: 0-1.5 m Locality: Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epcoi_ub.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epcoi_ub.jpg Locality: Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. FB-GeneralDescr-6465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-14 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Inhabit turbid coastal reefs (Ref. 9710) and are often found in brackish water (Ref. 27362) over mud and rubble (Ref. 6390). Solitary (Ref 90102). Juveniles are common in shallow waters of estuaries over sand, mud and gravel and among mangroves (Ref. 6390). Feed on small fishes, shrimps, and crabs. Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Females mature at 25 to 30 cm (2 to 3 years old), and sexual transition occurs at 55 to 75 cm (Ref. 39231). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Has been tested in several countries as a potential species for mariculture (Ref. 43448). Caught with hook-and-line, traps, trawls, and lift nets. Common and expensive in markets of the region; sold fresh and kept alive at restaurants in Asian countries (e.g. Hong Kong and Taiwan Province of China) (Ref. 39231). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-6465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-10 00:00:00 2019-02-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat This species is distinguished by the following characters: elongated body with greatest body depth at 2.9-3.7 in SL (for specimens 10-78 cm SL); head length 2.3-2.6 in SL. interorbital width 5.0-6.2 in HL; preopercle with enlarged serrae at angle and a broad shallow notch just above angle; upper edge of operculum straight or somewhat convex; maxilla reaches to or slightly past a vertical at rear edge of eye; upper jaw length 17-20% of SL; midlateral part of lower jaw with 2-3 rows of subequal teeth; gill rakers of first gill arch 8-10 + 14-17; pyloric caeca 50-60; lateral body scales rough, with minute auxiliary scales (body scales ctenoid except for nape, back, thorax, abdomen and above anal-fin base with cycloid scales); lateral-line scales 58-65; lateral-line tubes of anterior scales branched in adults. Colour: head and body tan dorsally, shading to whitish ventrally; numerous small brownish orange or reddish brown spots on head, body, and median fins; body with 5 faint, irregular, oblique, dark bars which bifurcate ventrally (irregular H-shaped bars); back with 3-4 blackish saddles; orange spots become poorly defined and darker with growth (Ref. 39231, 90102). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1999 Serranidae. p. 2442-2547. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Rome, FAO. 2069-2790 p. (Ref. 39231) FB-Morphology-6465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-10 00:00:00 2019-02-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 16; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1999 Serranidae. p. 2442-2547. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Rome, FAO. 2069-2790 p. (Ref. 39231) FB-Distribution-6465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-14 00:00:00 2021-11-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea south to at least Durban, South Africa and eastward to Palau and Fiji, north to the Ryukyu Islands, south to the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819) and Australia. Recently reported from the Mediterranean coast of Israel (Ref. 5222). Frequently misidentified as Epinephelus tauvina or Epinephelus malabaricus (Ref. 27362). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-6465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-14 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) Liao, C.-I., H.-M. Su and E.Y. Chang 2001 Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture 200(2001):1-31. (Ref. 40297) IGFA 2009 Database of IGFA angling records until 2009. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. FB-LifeCycle-6465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Daniel Pauly 1992-10-14 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=6465&StockCode=6787 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Pelagic spawner (Ref. 32184). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-TrophicStrategy-6465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1996-11-25 00:00:00 2023-01-10 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public coioides http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Probably make frequent use of shelters, suggesting an 'ambush' method of feeding (Ref. 6390). Inhabit turbid coastal reefs (Ref. 9710) and are often found in brackish water (Ref. 27362) over mud and rubble (Ref. 6390). Juveniles are common in shallow waters of estuaries over sand, mud and gravel and among mangroves (Refs. 6390, 127989). Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Feeds mainly on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods. 30°C temperatures and 3% salinities provide peak survival environments. Dwells in benthic, rocky substrates and along the continental slope (Ref. 127989). Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra 1991 Revision of Indo-Pacific groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with descriptions of five new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (20):332 p. (Ref. 4787) FB-Size-6465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-14 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution 120 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 47613)); max. published weight: 15.0 kg (Ref. 11228); max. reported age: 22 years (Ref. 3627) Assadi, H. and Dehghani P.R. 1997 Atlas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman fishes. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization, Iran. (Ref. 47613) Heemstra, P.C. 1995 Additions and corrections for the 1995 impression. p. v-xv. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Revised Edition of Smiths' Sea Fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 11228) Mathews, C.P. and M. Samuel 1991 Growth, mortality and length-weight parameters for some Kuwaiti fish and shrimp. Fishbyte 9(2):30-33. (Ref. 3627) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-6465-1232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-15 00:00:00 2004-04-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6465&StockCode=6787 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Fish Leech Infestation (Hirudinea sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6465-1230 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-15 00:00:00 2004-04-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6465&StockCode=6787 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Rhexanellosis Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Habitat-6465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-14 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6465 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat reef-associated; brackish; marine; depth range 1 - 100 m (Ref. 167) Smith, M.M. and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) 1986 Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 1047 p. (Ref. 167)