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<taxon>
	<dc:identifier>FB-877</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=877</dc:source>
	<dwc:Kingdom>Animalia</dwc:Kingdom>
	<dwc:Phylum>Chordata</dwc:Phylum>
	<dwc:Class>Elasmobranchii</dwc:Class>
	<dwc:Order>Carcharhiniformes</dwc:Order>
	<dwc:Family>Carcharhinidae</dwc:Family>
	<dwc:Genus>Carcharhinus</dwc:Genus>
	<dwc:ScientificName>Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1824)</dwc:ScientificName>
	<commonName xml:lang='fa'>Kooseh-e-noktiz</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='af'>Hardeneushaai</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Hardnose shark</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Maclot's shark</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='et'>Kalknina-hallhai</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='fr'>Requin à nez rude</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='jv'>Hiu aron</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ja'>Hoko saki</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ja'>Hokosaki</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='mr'>Teki mushi</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='mr'>Toki-mushi</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='mr'>तोकी मुशी</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Yu muncung keras</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Yu pasir</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Yu jereh</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='te'>Pala sorrah</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='te'>Pala-sorrah</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='te'>Sorrah kowah</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='te'>Sorrah-kowah</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='te'>పాల సొర్రా</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='te'>పాల సొర్రా </commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='te'>సొర్రాకోవ  </commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='th'>Chalarm Thao</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='vi'>Cá Nhám mõm dài</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Tiburón trompudo</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Hardsnuithaai</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>大沙</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>枪头鲛</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>槍頭鮫</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>長吻基齒鯊</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>长吻基齿鲨</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>麥氏真鯊</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>麦氏真鲨</commonName>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Carcharias macloti Müller &amp; Henle, 1839</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Hypoprion macloti (Müller &amp; Henle, 1839)</synonym>
	<dcterms:created>1992-06-15</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2024-08-12</dcterms:modified>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=122316&amp;speccode=876'>Rajan, P.T. and S.S. Mishra0 Fishes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands: An updated checklist. J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 23(2):148-181. (Ref. 122316)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=123102&amp;speccode=876'>Motomura, H., U.B. Alama, N. Muto, P. Babaran and S. Ishikawa (eds.)0 Commercial and bycatch market fishes of Panay Island, Republic of the Philippines. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, University of the Philippines Visayas, Iloilo, and Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto. 246 pp, 911 figs. (Ref. 123102)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=128078&amp;speccode=876'>CITES0 Appendices I, II and III valid from 11 January 2023 and 25 November 2023. UNEP. (Ref. 128078)</reference>
	<reference isbn='1849954984' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=128868&amp;speccode=876'>Beolens, B., M. Grayson and M. Watkins0 Eponym dictionary of Fishes. 	Dunbeath, Caithness (Scotland, UK): Whittles Publishing Limited, 1300 p. (Ref. 128868)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=131153&amp;speccode=876'>CITES0 Appendices I, II and III. UNEP. (Ref. 131153)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=132125&amp;speccode=876'>Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (&lt;i&gt;Raja clavata&lt;/i&gt;) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125)</reference><dataObject>
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	<dcterms:created>1995-05-29</dcterms:created>
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	<dc:rights>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged</dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
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	<dc:description></dc:description>
	<mediaURL>http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Camac_u0.gif</mediaURL>
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	<agent homepage='http://www.fishbase.us/collaborators/CollaboratorSummary.php?id=823' logoURL='' role='photographer'> FAO</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1996-05-08</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>1996-05-08</dcterms:modified>
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	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged</dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
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	<audience>General public</audience>
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	<mediaURL>http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Camac_u3.gif</mediaURL>
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	<dc:identifier>FB-GeneralDescr-876</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Kent E. Carpenter</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1992-06-15 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2018-01-11 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Biology</dc:title>
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	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size</subject>
	<dc:description>Found in inshore and offshore waters of continental and insular shelves (Ref. 9997).  Feeds mainly on fishes, also cephalopods and crustaceans (Ref. 6871).  Viviparous (Ref. 50449).  Of limited interest to fisheries due to its small size (Ref. 9997).  Utilized fresh and probably dried-salted for human consumption (Ref. 244).</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=244&amp;speccode=876'>Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-DiagnosticDescr-876</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Cristina V. Garilao</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1995-11-29 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2017-11-15 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:language></dc:language>
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	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=876</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats</subject>
	<dc:description>A small slender shark with a long narrowly rounded or somewhat pointed snout, no interdorsal ridge, small pectoral fins, a small first dorsal fin with an extremely long rear tip and a small low second dorsal fin with a long rear tip (Ref. 244).  Back grayish or grey-brown, belly white; posterior margin of pectorals and ventral caudal fin lobe with an inconspicuous white edge; posterioventral and dorsal margins of caudal fin with a narrow black edge (Ref. 9997).</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
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	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9997&amp;speccode=876'>Compagno, L.J.V. and V.H. Niem 1998 Carcharhinidae. Requiem sharks. p. 1312-1360. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol. 2. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 9997)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Morphology-876</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
	<mimeType>text/html</mimeType>
	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Cristina V. Garilao</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1995-11-29 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2017-11-15 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title></dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=876</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat</subject>
	<dc:description>Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0;  Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9997&amp;speccode=876'>Compagno, L.J.V. and V.H. Niem 1998 Carcharhinidae. Requiem sharks. p. 1312-1360. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol. 2. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 9997)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Distribution-876</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-18 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2025-11-05 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution</subject>
	<dc:description>Indo-West Pacific:  Kenya, Tanzania, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Andaman Sea, Myanmar, Viet Nam, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and the Philippines (Ref. 6821), New Guinea.  Also in the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819).  Possibly occurring in the Gulf of Aden (Ref. 9997).</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=244&amp;speccode=876'>Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Uses-876</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
	<mimeType>text/html</mimeType>
	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Kent E. Carpenter</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1992-06-15 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2018-01-11 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Importance</dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
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	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=876</dc:source>
	<dc:description>fisheries: minor commercial; price category: medium; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9997&amp;speccode=876'>Compagno, L.J.V. and V.H. Niem 1998 Carcharhinidae. Requiem sharks. p. 1312-1360. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol. 2. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 9997)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-LifeCycle-876</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
	<mimeType>text/html</mimeType>
	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Cristina V. Garilao</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1992-06-15 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2018-01-11 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title></dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=876&amp;StockCode=892</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle</subject>
	<dc:description>Viviparous, placental (Ref. 50449).  1 or 2 (usually 2) in a litter (Ref. 244). Size at birth 45 to 50 cm TL (Ref. 9997).  Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). 12 months gestation period (Ref.58048).</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=205&amp;speccode=876'>Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-TrophicStrategy-876</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
	<mimeType>text/html</mimeType>
	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Pascualita Sa-a</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1995-04-03 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2023-08-30 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title></dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>macloti</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy</subject>
	<dc:description>Found in inshore and offshore waters of continental and insular shelves (Refs. 9997, 9773).  Feeds mainly on fishes, also cephalopods and crustaceans (Ref. 6871).</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6932'>Salini, J.P., S.J.M. Blaber and D.T`. Brewer 1994 Diets of trawled predatory fish of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, with particular reference to predation on prawns. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 45(3):397-411.</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Size-876</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Kent E. Carpenter</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1992-06-15 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2018-01-11 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Max. size</dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=876</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size</subject>
	<dc:description>110 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 6871))</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='0 643 05143 0' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6871&amp;speccode=876'>Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Threats-2</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Belen Acosta</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-18 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2024-03-07 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:language></dc:language>
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	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats</subject>
	<dc:description>Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073'>IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Habitat-876</dc:identifier>
	<dataType>http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text</dataType>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1992-06-15 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2018-01-11 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Environment</dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
	<dc:rights></dc:rights>
	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=876</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat</subject>
	<dc:description>demersal; marine; depth range ? - 170 m (Ref. 6871)</dc:description>
	<mediaURL></mediaURL>
	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
	<location></location>
	<reference isbn='0 643 05143 0' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6871&amp;speccode=876'>Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)</reference></dataObject>
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