Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 15 - 1900 m (Ref. 50550), usually 400 - 600 m (Ref. 51190). Temperate; 1°C - 4°C (Ref. 56457); 26°N - 62°N, 117°E - 122°W (Ref. 101341)
North Pacific: China (Ref. 559, 33837), Japan, and Kuril Islands to Canada and California, USA.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 30.0, range 29 - 31 cm
Max length : 62.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 51190); common length : 42.8 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 51190); max. published weight: 4.4 kg (Ref. 51190); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref. 51190)
Occurs on mud and sand bottoms (Ref. 9137, 11230).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
More information
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
Tools
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 0.4 - 5.2, mean 2.1 °C (based on 114 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00977 (0.00629 - 0.01519), b=3.11 (2.98 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for species & Subfamily-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): (0 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34.6 [17.0, 70.9] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.278 [0.160, 0.491] mg/100g ; Protein = 17.5 [16.2, 18.9] % ; Omega3 = 0.372 [0.186, 0.742] g/100g ; Selenium = 22 [10, 51] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 5.32 [1.34, 19.53] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.417 [0.276, 0.638] mg/100g (wet weight);