分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Holostei >
Amiiformes (Bowfins)
弓鰭魚目 (Bowfins) >
Amiidae (Bowfins)
弓鰭魚科 (Bowfins)
Etymology: Amia: Greek, amia = a kind of shark (Ref. 45335); calva: calva (Latin) = smooth or 'the bald scalp of the head', probably referring to the smooth appearance of the head of live specimens (Ref. 46234).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 居於水底的. 溫帶; 15°C - 20°C (Ref. 2060); 47°N - 25°N, 97°W - 70°W (Ref. 86798)
North America: from the Pearl River in Louisiana and Mississippi, USA to the Florida Peninsula, and the rivers draining to the Atlantic Ocean in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia, USA (Ref. 132277). Introduced sparingly elsewhere, including on Atlantic Slope north to Massachusetts, USA Ref. 86798).
北美洲: 聖勞倫斯河, 魁北克的 Champlain湖流域與佛蒙特州向西越過安大略省南部到明尼蘇達州的密西西比流域。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 53.0, range 38 - 68 cm
Max length : 109 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 86798); common length : 53.4 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大體重: 9.8 kg (Ref. 4699); 最大年齡: 30 年 (Ref. 72462)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 42 - 53; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 9 - 12; 脊椎骨: 80 - 90. Branchiostegal rays: 10-12. Body is long and robust. Head is conic, mouth large, with maxillary extending well past eye; jaws wit strong, conical teeth; anterior nostrils at base of short barbels. Dorsal fin origin at 1/3 of total length; anal fin origin at midpoint of dorsal base; pelvic fins inserted at midpoint of body.
Pigmentation: Dark olive above combines with lighter color on sides to form reticulated pattern; venter cream or greenish; head yellow to brown with darker horizontal bars; lower fins vivid green; caudal light olive with irregular darker vertical bars. Adult males with prominent yellow to orange bordered black spot at upper caudal base, less intense or absent in females.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
鰓條骨: 10-12. 身體是長而結實的。 頭部是圓錐的, 嘴大的, 有顎骨延伸越過眼; 顎知道強又錐形齒; 在短觸鬚的基底的前鼻孔。 背鰭起點在全長的 1/3; 在背鰭基底的中點的臀鰭起源; 腹鰭在身體中央插入。
顏色： 深橄欖色的上方在側邊上和較淡的顏色結合形成網狀的圖案; 腹部乳黃色或呈綠色的; 頭部黃色到褐色的有較深色的水平條紋; 低的鰭鮮綠色的; 尾部的淡橄欖色有不規則的較深色的縱帶。 雄性成魚有在上尾部的基底突出的黃色到橘色的被毗鄰的黑色斑點, 比較不密集或者不存在於雌性。
Facultative air-breathing (Ref. 126274); It inhabits swamps, sloughs, lakes, and pools and backwaters of lowland streams (Ref. 86798). It is usually found near vegetation (Ref. 86798). Air-breather that can withstand high temperatures, which enables it to survive in stagnant areas; even known to aestivate; lethal temperature is 35.2°C (Ref. 46234). A voracious and opportunist feeder, subsisting on fishes including other sport fishes, frogs, crayfish, insects, and shrimps. It uses scent as much as sight and captures food by means of gulping water. Small juveniles eat microcrustaceans and insects (Ref. 93252). Males are always smaller than females which live longer. Apparently somewhat migratory during spawning season (Ref. 4639). Eggs are adhesive, attached to decaying vegetation and upright weeds (Ref. 4639). Larvae are found in nest, remaining attached to roots or lying on bottom until adhesive organ is absorbed, thereafter in tight "swarm" guarded by male parent outside nest (Ref. 4639). A 'living fossil' and lone survivor species of Family Amiidae.
發現於.沼澤的, 長滿植物的湖泊與河.(參考文獻 10294,46234) 能抵抗高的溫度的呼吸空氣的魚, 這使它能夠在污濁的區域中存活; 甚至知道夏眠; 致命的溫度是 35.2 ￠ aC 。 (參考文獻 46234) 一狼吞虎嚥的與機會主義者捕食者, 它捕食魚類包括其他的垂釣用魚，青蛙，小龍蝦，昆蟲與蝦。 它嗅覺與視覺一樣靈敏而且捕獲食物的方法是大口地吞水。 雄性總是比活的較長的雌性更小。 顯然地略微迴游的在產卵季節的時候.(參考文獻 4639) 卵是聚集在一起的, 依附於腐爛的植物與直立的雜草。 (參考文獻 4639) 仔魚被發現於巢, 保持依附於根.或者棲息於底部直到黏著器官被吸收, 其後在緊的 " 成群 " 中在巢以外由雄魚父母保衛..(參考文獻 4639) 一個 ' 活化石' 與弓鰭魚科的孤單倖存魚種。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Males build and guard nest and young, usually nesting in colonies, and clearing out vegetation for the nest (Refs. 205, 34296, 34297, 3672). Most active at twilight and dawn (Ref. 34297); spawn at night (Ref. 34296). Eggs hatch in 9 days; newly hatched young measuring 8 mm (Ref. 34297). Larvae are guarded by the male parent until they are able to swim freely (Ref. 205).北美洲: 聖勞倫斯河, 魁北克的 Champlain湖流域與佛蒙特州向西越過安大略省南部到明尼蘇達州的密西西比流域。
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 19 October 2011
人類使用
漁業: 沒有興趣; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 1.2520 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00437 (0.00167 - 0.01142), b=3.12 (2.89 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.8 ±0.67 se; based on food items.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.14; tm=3-5; tmax=13; Fec=23,600).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
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