Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Silver carp : fisheries, aquaculture

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)

Silver carp
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Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Photo de Ramani Shirantha

Classification / Noms Noms communs | Synonymes | Catalog of Fishes(Genre, Espèce) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Cypriniformes (Carps) > Xenocyprididae (East Asian minnows)
Etymology: Hypophthalmichthys: Greek, hypo = under + Greek, ophthalmos = eye + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335); molitrix: molitrix, approximately grinder (referring to the pharyngeal grinding apparatus) (Ref. 10294).
More on author: Valenciennes.

Environnement : milieu / zone climatique / profondeur / gamme de distribution Écologie

; eau douce; saumâtre benthopélagique; potamodrome (Ref. 126106); profondeur 0 - 20 m (Ref. 6898). Subtropical; 6°C - 30°C (Ref. 37797); 63°N - 8°N, 73°E - 148°E (Ref. 120939)

Distribution Territoires | Zones FAO | Écosystèmes | Occurrences | Carte par point | Introductions | Faunafri

Asia: Native to most major Pacific dainages of East Asia from Amur to Xi Jiang, China (Ref. 59043) and Hanoi, Vietman (Ref. 120939). Introduced around the world for aquaculture and control of algal blooms. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction (Ref. 1739). Often confused with Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Ref. 59043).

Longueur à la première maturité / Taille / Poids / Âge

Maturité: Lm 51.7  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 86798); common length : 18.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 35840); poids max. publié: 50.0 kg (Ref. 30578); âge max. reporté: 20 années (Ref. 121658)

Description synthétique Clés d'identification | Morphologie | Morphométrie

Épines dorsales (Total) : 0; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total) : 7 - 10; Épines anales: 0; Rayons mous anaux: 11 - 17. Diagnosis: Body olivaceous to silvery. Barbels absent. Keels extend from isthmus to anus. Edge of last simple dorsal ray not serrated. Branched anal rays 12-13.5 (Ref. 13274). It differs from Hypophthalmichthys nobilis by having sharp scaleless keel from pectoral region to anal origin, 650-820 long, slender gill rakers, head length 24-29% of standard length, and plain pale coloration, greenish grey above, whitish below (Ref. 59043).


Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.

Biologie     Glossaire (ex. epibenthic)

Adults are found in their natural range in rivers with marked water-level fluctuations and overwinters in middle and lower stretches, swimming just beneath the surface. They feed in shallow (0.5-1.0 m deep) and warm (over 21°C) backwaters, lakes and flooded areas with slow current on phytoplankton and zooplankton (Ref. 30578, 10294). Bigger individuals from about 1.5 cm SL feed only on phytoplankton while larvae and small juveniles prey on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Breeding occurs in rivers or tributaries over shallow rapids with gravel or sand bottom, in upper water layer or even at surface during floods when the water level increases by 50-120 cm above normal level. Conditions for spawning include high current (0.5-1.7 m/s), turbid water, temperatures above 15°C (usually 18-26°C) and high oxygen concentrations (Ref. 59043). Spawning ceases if conditions change (especially sensitive to water-level fall) and resumes again when water level increases. Juveniles and adults form large schools during spawning season. Mature individuals undertake long distance upriver migration at start of a rapid flood and water-level increase, able to leap over obstacles up to 1 m. After spawning, adults migrate to foraging habitats, In autumn, adults move to deeper places in main course of river where they remain without feeding. Larvae drift downstream and settle in floodplain lakes, shallow shores and backwaters with little or no current (Ref. 59043). In aquaculture, it can survive brackish water (up to 7 ppt) when released into estuaries and coastal lakes (Ref. 59043). Escape from fish farms are widely known even as they are stocked in large rivers and almost all still water bodies like lakes and ponds. Utilized fresh for human consumption and also introduced to many countries where its ability to clean reservoirs and other waters of clogging algae is appreciated even more than its food value (Ref. 9987). One of among 3 or 4 species of cyprinids whose world production in aquaculture exceeds 1 million tons per year (Ref. 30578).

Cycle de vie et comportement reproducteur Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves

Référence principale Téléchargez vos références | Références | Coordinateur | Collaborateurs

Skelton, P.H., 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248)

Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  Quasi-menacé (NT) ; Date assessed: 20 January 2011

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Menace pour l'homme

  Potential pest





Utilisations par l'homme

Pêcheries: commercial; Aquaculture: commercial
FAO - Systèmes d'aquaculture: production, Résumé espèce; pêcheries: débarquements, Résumé espèce; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Plus d'informations

Écologie trophique
Aliments (proies)
Composition du régime alimentaire
Consommation alimentaire
Rations alimentaires
Prédateurs
Écologie
Écologie
Dynamique des populations
Paramètres de croissance
Âges / tailles maximales
Longueur-poids rel.
Rel. longueur-longueur.
Fréquences de longueurs
Conversion de masse
Recrutement
Abondance
Cycle de vie
Reproduction
Maturité
Maturité/épines rel.
Fécondité
Frai
Agrégats de frai
Œufs
Développement de l'œuf
Larves
Dynamique des populations larvaires
Distribution
Territoires
Zones FAO
Écosystèmes
Occurrences
Introductions
BRUVS - Vidéos
Anatomie
Surface branchiale
Cerveau
Otolithe
Physiologie
Composition corporelle
Nutriments
Consommation d'oxygène
Type de natation
Vitesse de nage
Pigments visuels
Son de poisson
Maladies et parasites
Toxicité (CL50)
Génétique
génôme
Génétique
Hétérozygotie
Héritabilité
Diversité génétique
Liées à l'homme
Systèmes d'aquaculture
Profils d'aquaculture
Souches
Cas de ciguatera
Timbres, pièces de monnaie, divers
Sensibilisation
Collaborateurs
Taxonomie
Noms communs
Synonymes
Morphologie
Morphométrie
Images
Références
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Outils

E-book | Guide de terrain | Clés d'identification | Générateur de fréquences de longueur | Outil de dynamique de population | Carte par point | Capture-MSY |

Articles particuliers

Maintenance en aquarium | Articles sur l'espèce | Rapports d'aquaculture

Télécharger en XML

Page de résumé | Coordonnées géographiques | Noms communs | Photos

Sources Internet

AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genre, Espèce | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Systèmes d'aquaculture: production, Résumé espèce; pêcheries: débarquements, Résumé espèce; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Bases de données nationales | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Aquariums publics | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Arbre de Vie | Wikipedia: aller à, chercher | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Estimations basées sur des modèles

Indice de diversité phylogénétique (Réf. 82804):  PD50 = 0.6250   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00891 (0.00773 - 0.01027), b=3.10 (3.06 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Niveau trophique (Réf. 69278):  2.3   ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.6 (4.5 - 6.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10 growth studies.
Résilience (Réf. 120179):  Milieu, temps minimum de doublement de population : 1,4 à 4,4 années (K=0.16-0.29; tm=2-6).
Vulnérabilité de la pêche (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (55 of 100). 🛈
Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766):   Unknown.
Nutriments (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 37.9 [16.1, 116.8] mg/100g; Iron = 1.37 [0.69, 2.65] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [16.1, 18.5] %; Omega3 = 0.306 [0.176, 0.554] g/100g; Selenium = 30.1 [16.4, 59.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.45 [2.15, 37.85] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.445 [0.263, 0.805] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.